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Tritrophic interactions among plants, herbivores, and natural enemies represent a fundamental ecological framework with significant potential for biological pest control. This review examines the application of tritrophic interactions for managing armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in citrus production systems, with emphasis on Indonesian agricultural contexts. Climate change has accelerated developmental rates of Diaspididae species, elevating their pest status. This review synthesizes current knowledge on herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) emitted by citrus following Diaspididae infestation and evaluates parasitoid efficacy as biological control agents. We analyze mechanisms governing tritrophic interactions, characterize chemical profiles of relevant HIPVs, and assess parasitoid effectiveness in scale insect population suppression. The review identifies critical knowledge gaps and outlines future research priorities while discussing practical implications for integrating tritrophic approaches into comprehensive pest management programs for citrus cultivation. The main findings show that there is a huge gap in information about Indonesian citrus systems. There are only 2–3 parasitoid species described locally compared to 89 species worldwide, which shows that natural enemies have not been studied enough. The research points out major gaps in HIPV characterization for Indonesian citrus cultivars and field validation investigations. Strategic recommendations prioritize rigorous parasitoid discovery utilizing molecular identification technologies, extensive volatile profiling for principal Indonesian citrus cultivars, and the manufacture of synthetic HIPV for field application. Using tritrophic interaction-based control could cut down on the need for pesticides by 60–80% and improve biodiversity in agroecosystems. However, this would require ongoing research funding and cooperation between farmers and researchers to deal with complicated environmental dependencies and species-specific interactions.

Teacher’s self-efficacy is a specific phenomenon that can be seen as one of the contributors to the process of learning and effective teaching. Teacher self-efficacy was investigated at two Senior High Schools (SMAN 1 and SMAN 2) in Kendari, and proved its importance in the interest-based classes at senior high schools in Kendari. Findings revealed two major methods employed in the research study: 1) interviews conducted in the form of an open interview with 5 teachers; and 2) observation was focused on teachers teaching materials, classroom management, as well as the enthusiasm of the teacher during the learning process takes place. Based on the finding, this study argues that teachers have high confidence in their ability to teach literature because they ascribe high value to their performance. However, the self-efficacy of teachers did not have an impact when applied in practice. In the classroom observation, these elements generally did not show up. This shows that the dependence of teachers on textbooks is not accompanied by an increase in the ability of teachers to ask questions to the students during the learning process, so that the high self-efficacy of teachers does not produce learning achievement is high. This goal can be achieved by giving more opportunities and experiences for teachers to improve the quality of learning.

Asian countries have abundant resources of natural fibers, but unfortunately, they have not been optimally utilized. The facts showed that from 2014 to 2020, there was a shortfall in meeting national demand of over USD 2.75 million per year. Therefore, in order to develop the utilization and improve the economic potential as well as the sustainability of natural fibers, a comprehensive review is required. The study aimed to demonstrate the availability, technological processing, and socio-economical aspects of natural fibers. Although many studies have been conducted on this material, it is necessary to revisit their potential from those perspectives to maximize their use. The renewability and biodegradability of natural fiber are part of the fascinating properties that lead to their prospective use in automotive, aerospace industries, structural and building constructions, bio packaging, textiles, biomedical applications, and military vehicles. To increase the range of applications, relevant technologies in conjunction with social approaches are very important. Hence, in the future, the utilization can be expanded in many fields by considering the basic characteristics and appropriate technologies of the natural fibers. Selecting the most prospective natural fiber for creating national products can be assisted by providing an integrated management system from a digitalized information on potential and related technological approaches. To make it happens, collaborations between stakeholders from the national R&D agency, the government as policy maker, and academic institutions to develop national bioproducts based on domestic innovation in order to move the circular economy forward are essential.

Sugarcane is a kind of plantation crop that can be used as a raw material for the sugar industry. The productivity of sugarcane can be influenced by several factors, including infection of pathogenic bacteria such as Leifsonia xyli f.sp. xyli (Lxx), the causal agent of Ratoon Stunting Disease (RSD) in sugarcane. The disease is one of the major diseases of sugarcane worldwide. RSD is symptomless unless the disease incidence is severe. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method is generally known for detecting plant pathogens. However, there is still limited information on the detection of RSD using PCR. Therefore, our study aimed to detect the existence of RSD in sugarcane seeds using the PCR method. Three sugarcane varieties were used in this study, including AAS Agribun, AMS Agribun, and BQ (positive control of RSD). We did sample the stems and midribs of those three varieties at the age of 3 and 7 months. The results showed that Lxx was found both in the stem and midrib of sugarcane variety BQ at the age of 3 and 7 months. These results indicated that the PCR method can be used for early detection of RSD in sugarcane seeds.

Climate change employs substantial effects on agroecosystems, particularly the dynamics between plants and herbivores. In response, the adoption of pest-resistant varieties has emerged as a critical strategy within agroecosystems, notably in Indonesia’s cotton Integrated Pest Management (IPM). This research focused on evaluating the response of five cotton lines, which adapted to the Indonesian agroecosystem, to the cotton leafhopper ( Amrasca biguttula ) as a mitigating measure to climate change. Two upland cotton varieties, Tamcot SP 37 (susceptible) and LRA 5166 (resistant), served as standards for susceptibility and resistance to leafhoppers. The study examined leaf morphological characters, specifically trichome density, known to act as oviposition deterrents for leafhopper females, indicative of non-preference resistance. Low damage scores and high leaf trichome density comparable to the resistant variety (LRA 5166) were indicators of notable field resistance in lines 06062/3/3 and 06062/3/4 against A. biguttula during observations that spanned 35 to 105 days post-planting. These findings highlight the potential of these lines as promising cotton varieties, marked by their resilience to A. biguttula , fostering sustainable cultivation practices that address climate change impacts. This study underscores the intricate dynamics between plant-insect interactions and resilience strategies within agroecosystems.

This study examines the 2024 flash flood in Pandai Sikek, West Sumatra, through the lens of disaster anthropology and social memory. Based on preliminary research and one week of ethnographic fieldwork, the research reveals that while extreme rainfall triggered the event, socio-ecological drivers such as post-COVID return migration, deforestation, and land-use change significantly amplified its impacts. The community’s vulnerability was heightened by the absence of social memory: no oral traditions, rituals, or institutional practices existed to anticipate or respond to such a disaster. The flood therefore collapsed long-standing narratives of safety associated with Mount Singgalang and forced the community to confront a new reality of risk. Findings show that the disaster produced both trauma and solidarity, as gotong royong, remittances from migrants, and local organizing supported immediate recovery. At the same time, new and contested memories of vulnerability began to emerge. Early mitigation efforts, including reforestation, canal reinforcement, and disaster awareness initiatives, indicate steps toward resilience, though challenges remain in institutionalizing these lessons. The study concludes that building resilience in Pandai Sikek requires not only ecological restoration but also the transformation of traumatic absence into enduring social memory.

This study aims to examine 3 elements of social capital, namely mutual trust (trust), network (network), and reciprocal relationships (reciprocal) in the development of Community Forests (HKm). The qualitative descriptive method was carried out as a research approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that the level of public trust in general, both supported by cooperation between communities, trust between members of farmer groups, farmer groups with other farmer groups, and farmer groups with the government was well established because they always believed in each other that all parties, both the community, government, and other agencies work together to bring about the development of HKm in their villages. The social network that is intertwined in the village community is well established. In addition to being motivated by kinship, communication and mutual understanding are also strong factors in social networks in the village, namely social networks in community economic activities have reaped an increase in marketing. Social networks in environmental activities are proven by the willingness of farmer groups to receive information related to forest management. Social networking in community activities is proven by the enthusiasm of the village community in participating in training held by the government. The mutual benefits that exist between the parties can be seen in the benefits received by each party, both the community, government and NGOs, and other supporting institutions.

Endometriosis is a disease characterized by dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. The pathogenesis of endometriosis and its relationship to infertility are still not fully understood. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is considered an effective treatment for patients with endometriosis-associated infertility. This study compared the pregnancy rates of endometriosis patients who underwent IVF with those of patients with tubal obstruction. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 225 patients with endometriosis and tubal factor infertility who underwent IVF at Yasmin Clinic, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, between January 2013 and August 2021. Demographic data, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, the initial and total dose of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH), the total dose of recombinant luteinizing hormone (rLH), stimulation duration, oocyte maturation rates, fertilization rates, embryo cleavage rates, and pregnancy rates (biochemical, clinical and ongoing) were obtained. AMH level, number of oocytes retrieved, and embryo cleavage rates were significantly lower in the endometriosis group. Initial and total doses of rFSH and total dose of rLH were higher, and the duration of stimulation was longer in the endometriosis group compared to the tubal factor group. In the endometriosis group, the biochemical (47.3% vs. 52.7%, p=0.375), clinical (43.1% vs. 56.9%, p=0.215), and ongoing (45.5% vs. 54.5%, p=0.511) pregnancy rates were lower than those in the tubal factor group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. There was no significant difference in pregnancy rates between the short antagonist and ultra-long protocols (three months of downregulation). From multivariate analysis, only rLH supplementation was found to be significantly related to pregnancy outcomes in patients with endometriosis. AMH levels, number of oocytes retrieved, and embryo cleavage rates were lower in patients with endometriosis. However, pregnancy rates were not significantly different from patients with tubal factors. Supplementation with rLH may improve pregnancy rates in patients with endometriosis who have undergone IVF programs.

Tritrophic interaction among host plant-herbivore-parasitoid involves chemical cues. The infested plant by herbivores has been reacted to produce volatiles which is a cue used by the herbivore parasitoids for host location. These volatiles can be developed to enhance natural control of insect pests, especially by optimally use of parasitoids. Egg parasitoids are biocontrol agents that play an important role in natural control of herbivores. This research used a tritrophic interaction model of rice plant-brown plant hopper (BPH)-egg parasitoid of BPH. Research on analysis of chemical cues in tritrophic interactions was aimed to identify volatiles that are used by the parasitoid to find its host. The volatiles that effectively affect the parasitoid orientation behavior could be developed into a parasitoid attractant. Extraction of volatiles as the egg parasitoid cues was done using soxhlet, and identification of the volatiles using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Bioassay of the volatiles on the BPH parasitoid orientation behavior was performed using Y-tube olfactometry. The volatiles that are used for host location cues by the parasitoid affect the parasitoid orientation behavior by showing the preference of the parasitoid females to the odor of volatile. Volatiles extracted from BPH-egg-infested plants and uninfested plants contain alcohol, hydrocarbon, and ester compounds. Based on the difference of the compound composition of both extractions, five compounds of long-chain hydrocarbon, both branched and unsaturated compounds are the main volatile components which caused positive orientation behavior of the egg parasitoid. The egg parasitoids showed positive behavior orientation toward the volatiles extracted from BPH-egg-infested plant. Those hydrocarbon compounds are potential materials to be developed into bio attractants of BPH egg parasitoid.

Insects visit flowers not only to forage for nectar or pollen but also to search for hosts or prey, and to look for suitable habitats for breeding sites. In oil palm flowers, it has been documented that not all flower-visiting insects are pollinators, but some insects are recognized as predators, parasitoids or saprophages, which may affect the abundance and persistence of the weevil pollinating oil palm, Elaeidobius kamerunicus . We studied the community of oil palm flower-visiting insects and investigated the covariation between the abundance E. kamerunicus and that of other dominant species. Ecological research was conducted in oil palm plantations with different tree ages in Central Borneo. Our results found that tree age and flower type of oil palm did not influence the abundance and species richness of flower-visiting insects, but significantly affected their species composition. There was a significant positive relationship between the abundance of E. kamerunicus and the fly Scaptodrosophila sp, indicating that these species covariate in oil palm flowers. These findings suggest that understanding the covariation between E. kamerunicus and Scaptodrosophila sp may help develop the conservation strategies for E. kamerunicus to support the sustainable production of oil palm.