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Ruthenium compounds serve as a platform for fundamental concepts such as spin-triplet superconductivity1, Kitaev spin liquids2–5 and solid-state analogues of the Higgs mode in particle physics6,7. However, basic questions about the electronic structure of ruthenates remain unanswered, because several key parameters (including Hund’s coupling, spin–orbit coupling and exchange interactions) are comparable in magnitude and their interplay is poorly understood, partly due to difficulties in synthesizing large single crystals for spectroscopic experiments. Here we introduce a resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS)8,9 technique capable of probing collective modes in microcrystals of 4d electron materials. We observe spin waves and spin-state transitions in the honeycomb antiferromagnet SrRu2O6 (ref. 10) and use the extracted exchange interactions and measured magnon gap to explain its high Néel temperature11–16. We expect that the RIXS method presented here will enable momentum-resolved spectroscopy of a large class of 4d transition-metal compounds.Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at the 4d-edge reveals dispersive magnetic excitations in SrRu2O6, providing insight into the origin of its high Néel temperature.

Concurrent with the spread of the western lifestyle, the prevalence of all types of diabetes is on the rise in the worlds population. The number of diabetics is increasing by 4-5 percent per year with an estimated 40-45 percent of individuals over the age of 65 years having either type II diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Since the signs of diabetes are not immediately obvious, diagnosis can be preceded by an extended period of impaired glucose tolerance resulting in the prevalence of beta-cell dysfunction and macrovascular complications. In addition to increased medical vigilance, diabetes is being combated through aggressive treatment directed at lowering circulating blood glucose and inhibiting postprandial hyperglycemic spikes. Current strategies to treat diabetes include reducing insulin resistance using glitazones, supplementing insulin supplies with exogenous insulin, increasing endogenous insulin production with sulfonylureas and meglitinides, reducing hepatic glucose production through biguanides, and limiting postprandial glucose absorption with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. In all of these areas, new generations of small molecules are being investigated which exhibit improved efficacy and safety profiles. Promising biological targets are also emerging such as (1) insulin sensitizers including protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), (2) inhibitors of gluconeogenesis like pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDH) inhibitors, (3) lipolysis inhibitors, (4) fat oxidation including carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I and II inhibitors, and (5) energy expenditure by means of beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists. Also important are alternative routes of glucose disposal such as Na + -glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors, combination therapies, and the treatment of diabetic complications (eg. retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy). With may new opportunities for drug discovery, the prospects are excellent for development of innovative therapies to effectively manage diabetes and prevent its long term complications. This review highlights recent (1997-2000) advances in diabetes therapy and research with an emphasis on small molecule drug design (275 references).

Section 1 of the FM14 focus on bridging the astronomy research and outreach communities - recent highlights, emerging collaborations, best practices and support structures. This paper also contains supplementary materials that point to contributed talks and poster presentations that can be found online.

Objective . Lack of health insurance is correlated with noncompliance in colorectal cancer screening. Louisiana ranks 48th among all states in residents with health insurance. This paper describes initial results of Louisiana’s first statewide colorectal cancer screening program. Methods . The program enhanced screening capacity of state hospitals by providing fecal immunochemical tests (FITs), colonoscopes, and funded patient navigators. The Social Ecological Model (SEM) was used as the framework for the program. Results . Patient navigators distributed 975 FITs to adults 50 to 64 years (21% men, 78% women).The overall return rate was 66%. There was no association among return rates, race, or gender. Participants who were previously screened (10.7%) were more likely to return their FIT. Discussion . The combination of patient navigation and providing patients with an easy-touse CRC screening option proved to be an effective method that potential colorectal cancer screening programs can deploy in similar populations of un- and under-insured adults.

We performed high-pressure ADXRD studies on Fe5Si3 and Ni2Si up to 75 GPa. No evidence of the occurrence of a phase transition was observed in them. Fe5Si3 was found to compress isotropically, but an anisotropic compression was observed in Ni2Si. These results are supported by ab initio total-energy calculations, which for Fe5Si3 also predicted a transition at 283 GPa from the hexagonal P63/mcm phase to a cubic phase. High-pressure melting studies were conducted on FeSi up to 70 GPa. We found a change in the melting slope at 12 GPa, which is attributed to the intersection of the melting curve with the phase boundary between ε-FeSi and CsCl-type FeSi. Finally, an equation of state for Fe5Si3 and Ni2Si is reported.

Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Inhibitors Potentiate Insulin Activation of Glucose Transport and Utilization In Vitro and In Vivo David B. Ring 1 , Kirk W. Johnson 1 , Erik J. Henriksen 2 , John M. Nuss 1 , Dane Goff 1 , Tyson R. Kinnick 2 , Sylvia T. Ma 1 , John W. Reeder 1 , Isa Samuels 1 , Trina Slabiak 1 , Allan S. Wagman 1 , Mary-Ellen Wernette Hammond 1 and Stephen D. Harrison 1 1 From the Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 2 Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona Abstract Insulin resistance plays a central role in the development of type 2 diabetes, but the precise defects in insulin action remain to be elucidated. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) can negatively regulate several aspects of insulin signaling, and elevated levels of GSK-3 have been reported in skeletal muscle from diabetic rodents and humans. A limited amount of information is available regarding the utility of highly selective inhibitors of GSK-3 for the modification of insulin action under conditions of insulin resistance. In the present investigation, we describe novel substituted aminopyrimidine derivatives that inhibit human GSK-3 potently (K i < 10 nmol/l) with at least 500-fold selectivity against 20 other protein kinases. These low molecular weight compounds activated glycogen synthase at ∼100 nmol/l in cultured CHO cells transfected with the insulin receptor and in primary hepatocytes isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats, and at 500 nmol/l in isolated type 1 skeletal muscle of both lean Zucker and ZDF rats. It is interesting that these GSK-3 inhibitors enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose transport in type 1 skeletal muscle from the insulin-resistant ZDF rats but not from insulin-sensitive lean Zucker rats. Single oral or subcutaneous doses of the inhibitors (30–48 mg/kg) rapidly lowered blood glucose levels and improved glucose disposal after oral or intravenous glucose challenges in ZDF rats and db / db mice, without causing hypoglycemia or markedly elevating insulin. Collectively, our results suggest that these selective GSK-3 inhibitors may be useful as acute-acting therapeutics for the treatment of the insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes. Footnotes Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Erik J. Henriksen, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, P.O. Box 210093, Tucson, AZ 85721-0093. E-mail: ejhenrik{at}u.arizona.edu . Received for publication 30 April 2002 and accepted in revised form 20 November 2002. D.B.R., S.T.M., J.W.R., T.S., A.S.W., and S.D.H. are employed by and own stock in Chiron, a corporation that is involved in the research and development of potential therapeutics for the treatment of diabetes. K.W.J., J.M.N., D.G., I.S., and M.-E.W.H. are former employees of and hold stock in Chiron. E.J.H. and T.R.K. have received research support from Chiron. K.J.W.’s current affiliation is Genesoft Inc., South San Francisco, California. J.N.’s current affiliation is Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, California. D.G.’s current affiliation is Rigel, Inc., South San Francisco, California; I.S.’s current affiliation is Bayer Biotech, Berkeley, California. GS, glycogen synthase; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; GTT, glucose tolerance test; ipGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; oGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PKC, protein kinase C; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase. DIABETES

The realization of Kitaev spin liquid, where spins on a honeycomb lattice are coupled ferromagnetically by bond-dependent anisotropic interactions, has been a sought-after dream. 5d iridium oxides \\(\\alpha\\)-Li2IrO3 and \\(\\alpha\\)-Na2IrO3 with a honeycomb lattice of Jeff = 1/2 moments recently emerged as a possible materialization. Strong signature of Kitaev physics, however, was not captured. Here we report the discovery of a complex iridium oxide \\(\\beta\\)-Li2IrO3 with Jeff = 1/2 moments on \"hyper-honeycomb\" lattice, a three-dimensional analogue of honeycomb lattice. A positive Curie-Weiss temperature \\(\\theta_{CW}\\) ~ 40 K indicated dominant ferromagnetic interactions among Jeff = 1/2 moments in \\(\\beta\\)-Li2IrO3. A magnetic ordering with a small entropy change was observed at Tc = 38 K, which, with the application of magnetic field of only 3 T, changed to a fully polarized state of Jeff = 1/2 moments. Those results imply that hyper-honeycomb beta-Li2IrO3 is located in the vicinity to a Kitaev spin liquid.

The ozone mixing ratio spatiotemporal variability in the pristine South Pacific Ocean is studied, for the first time, using 21-year-long ozone (O3) records from the entire southern tropical and subtropical Pacific between 1994 and 2014. The analysis considered regional O3 vertical observations from ozonesondes, surface carbon monoxide (CO) observations from flasks, and three-dimensional chemistry-transport model simulations of the global troposphere. Two 21-year-long numerical simulations, with and without biomass burning emissions, were performed to disentangle the importance of biomass burning relative to stratospheric intrusions for ambient ozone levels in the region. Tagged tracers of O3 from the stratosphere and CO from various biomass burning regions have been used to track the impact of these different regions on the southern tropical Pacific O3 and CO levels. Patterns have been analyzed based on atmospheric dynamics variability. Considering the interannual variability in the observations, the model can capture the observed ozone gradients in the troposphere with a positive bias of 7.5 % in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) as well as near the surface. Remarkably, even the most pristine region of the global ocean is affected by distant biomass burning emissions by convective outflow through the mid and high troposphere and subsequent subsidence over the pristine oceanic region. Therefore, the biomass burning contribution to tropospheric CO levels maximizes in the UTLS. The Southeast Asian open fires have been identified as the major contributing source to CO from biomass burning in the tropical South Pacific, contributing on average for the study period about 8.5 and 13 ppbv of CO at Rapa Nui and Samoa, respectively, at an altitude of around 12 km during the burning season in the spring of the Southern Hemisphere. South America is the second-most important biomass burning source region that influences the study area. Its impact maximizes in the lower troposphere (6.5 ppbv for Rapa Nui and 3.8 ppbv for Samoa). All biomass burning sources contribute about 15–23 ppbv of CO at Rapa Nui and Samoa and account for about 25 % of the total CO in the entire troposphere of the tropical and subtropical South Pacific. This impact is also seen on tropospheric O3, to which biomass burning O3 precursor emissions contribute only a few ppbv during the burning period, while the stratosphere–troposphere exchange is the most important source of O3 for the mid troposphere of the South Pacific Ocean, contributing about 15–20 ppbv in the subtropics.

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 – August 5, 2010.

We investigate the magnetic ground state of single crystals of the ruthenium-dimer-based hexagonal perovskite Ba\\(_{3}\\)ZnRu\\(_{2}\\)O\\(_{9}\\) using magnetic susceptibility and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements. While a previous study on powder samples exhibited intriguing magnetic behavior, questions about whether the spin state within a Ru\\(_{2}\\)O\\(_{9}\\) dimer is a conventional \\(S = 3/2\\) dimer or an orbital-selective \\(S = 1\\) dimer were raised. The RIXS spectra reveal magnetic excitations from Hund's intraionic multiplet and intradimer spin-triplet transitions. The observed transition energies of the Hund's intraionic multiplets align with the \\(S=3/2\\) ground state, contrasting with the theoretically proposed orbital-selective \\(S=1\\) dimer state. High-temperature magnetic susceptibility analysis confirms the realization of the spin \\(S=3/2\\) dimer state, and the extracted intradimer coupling is consistent with the spin-triplet transition energy observed in the RIXS spectra. These results highlights the ability of \"spectroscopic fingerprinting\" by RIXS to determine the magnetic ground states of complex materials.