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The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection has enormously impacted our lives. Clinical evidence has implicated the emergence of cytokine release syndrome as the prominent cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection has enormously impacted our lives. Clinical evidence has implicated the emergence of cytokine release syndrome as the prominent cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we observed massive elevation of plasma Galectin-9 (Gal-9) in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (HCs). By using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, we found that a baseline of 2,042 pg/ml plasma Gal-9 can differentiate SARS-CoV-2-infected from noninfected individuals with high specificity/sensitivity (95%). Analysis of 30 cytokines and chemokines detected a positive correlation of the plasma Gal-9 with C-reactive protein (CRP) and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IP-10, MIP-1α, and MCP-1 but an inverse correlation with transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in COVID-19 patients. In agreement, we found enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF-α by monocytes and NK cells of COVID-19 patients once treated with the recombinant human Gal-9 in vitro . Also, we observed that although the cell-membrane expression of Gal-9 on monocytes does not change in COVID-19 patients, those with higher Gal-9 expression exhibit an activated phenotype. Furthermore, we noted significant downregulation of surface Gal-9 in neutrophils from COVID-19 patients compared to HCs. Our further investigations indicated that immune activation following SARS-CoV-2 infection results in Gal-9 shedding from neutrophils. The strong correlation of Gal-9 with proinflammatory mediators suggests that inhibition of Gal-9 may severe as a therapeutic approach in COVID-19 infection. Besides, the plasma Gal-9 measurement may be used as a surrogate diagnostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients. IMPORTANCE The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection has enormously impacted our lives. Clinical evidence has implicated the emergence of cytokine release syndrome as the prominent cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients. We observed substantial elevation of the plasma Galectin-9 (Gal-9) in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Gal-9 is an abundant protein in many immune and nonimmune cells. We found that Gal-9 detection assay can differentiate SARS-CoV-2-infected from noninfected individuals with a specificity/sensitivity of 95%. Importantly, we found a positive correlation of the plasma Gal-9 with a wide range of proinflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. In agreement, we found enhanced expression and production of such proinflammatory molecules by immune cells of COVID-19 patients once treated with Gal-9 in vitro . Our results propose Gal-9 as an important contributing factor in cytokine release syndrome; therefore, Gal-9 inhibition may serve as a beneficial therapeutic approach by suppressing the hyperimmune activation in COVID-19 patients.

HIV infection is associated with a wide range of changes in microbial communities and immune cell components of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral microbiome in relationship to oral neutrophils in HIV-infected compared to healthy individuals. We evaluated oral washes and saliva samples from HIV-infected individuals (n=52) and healthy controls (n=43). Using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing, we found differential β-diversity using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) with Bray-Curtis distances. The α-diversity analysis by Faith’s, Shannon, and observed OTUs indexes indicated that the saliva samples from HIV-infected individuals harbored significantly richer bacterial communities compared to the saliva samples from healthy individuals. Notably, we observed that five species of Spirochaeta including Spirochaetaceae , Spirochaeta , Treponema , Treponema amylovorum , and Treponema azotonutricum were significantly abundant. In contrast, Helicobacter species were significantly reduced in the saliva of HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, we found a significant reduction in the frequency of oral neutrophils in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals, which was positively related to their CD4 + T cell count. In particular, we noted a significant decline in CD44 expressing neutrophils and the intensity of CD44 expression on oral neutrophils of HIV-infected individuals. This observation was supported by the elevation of soluble CD44 in the saliva of HIV-infected individuals. Overall, the core oral microbiome was distinguishable between HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy compared to the HIV-negative group. The observed reduction in oral neutrophils might likely be related to the low surface expression of CD44, resulting in a higher bacterial diversity and richness in HIV-infected individuals.

Objectives Despite highly effective directly acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV), many patients do not receive treatment. We characterized the achievement of cascade of care milestones within 2 years of diagnosis among the Alberta population and evaluated variables associated with engagement at each stage. Methods All Albertans with a first-time positive HCV antibody between 2009 and 2014 were included in this retrospective study. We determined which patients received follow-up testing (HCV RNA and HCV genotype), referral to hepatitis specialty care, and antiviral prescription, and achieved SVR within 2 years of diagnosis. Factors associated with achieving cascade milestones were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Of 6154 patients with HCV antibody and complete follow-up, 4238 (68.9%) had HCV RNA testing, 2360 (38.3%) had HCV genotyping, 2096 (34.1%) were assessed by a specialist, 711 (11.6%) were prescribed treatment and 207 (3.4%) achieved SVR within 2 years of diagnosis. Independent variables associated with reduced likelihood of achieving cascade milestones were Indigenous heritage (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.53 (0.41–0.68) for HCV RNA testing), unstable housing (AOR 0.50 (0.32–0.79) for specialist assessment) and alcohol misuse (AOR 0.61 (0.38–0.99) for antiviral prescription). Men, older patients, patients with a higher income and patients with more advanced liver disease were more likely to achieve cascade of care milestones. Conclusion At each stage of patient engagement, opportunities for improvement were identified. Understanding the local cascade of care and factors associated with achieving cascade milestones will help prioritize initiatives to facilitate access to DAA therapy in Alberta.

Background Group A streptococci (Strep A) or Streptococcus pyogenes is a major human pathogen causing an estimated 500,000 deaths worldwide each year. Disease can range from mild pharyngitis to more severe infections, such as necrotizing fasciitis, septicemia, and toxic shock syndrome. Untreated, Strep A infection can lead to the serious post streptococcal pathologies of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. An effective vaccine against Strep A would have great benefits worldwide. Here, we test two products, J8 and p*17—both peptide derivatives of a highly conserved region in the M protein, in combination with the protein subunit K4S2 of SpyCEP, an IL-8 protease associated with neutrophil chemoattraction. Each peptide is individually conjugated to cross reacting material (CRM 197 ), and the conjugated peptide vaccines are abbreviated as J8-K4S2 or p*17-K4S2. Methods This single-site phase I, two-stage clinical trial in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, aims to recruit a total of 30 healthy volunteers, aged 18–45 years, without any evidence of pre-existing valvular heart disease. The trial is divided into the initial unblinded safety test dose stage (stage 1) and the randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial stage (stage 2). Stage 1 will recruit 10 volunteers—5 each to receive either J8-K4S2 or p*17-K4S2 in an unblinded, staggered fashion, whereby volunteers are dosed with intentional spacing of at least 2 days in between doses to monitor for any immediate side effects before dosing the next. Once all 5 volunteers have received 3 doses of the first test vaccine, a similar process will follow for the second test vaccine. Once safety is established in stage 1, we will proceed to stage 2, which will recruit 20 volunteers to our 3-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT), receiving either of the trial vaccines, J8-K4S2 or p*17-K4S2, or comparator (rabies) vaccine. All product dosing will be at 0, 3, and 6 weeks. The primary outcome is vaccine safety; the secondary outcome is immunogenicity and comparative analyses of the different vaccine regimens. Discussion This Strep A vaccine clinical trial aims to investigate safety and immunogenicity of two novel conjugated peptide-based vaccines, J8-KS42 and p*17-K4S2. If one or both vaccine products demonstrate favorable primary and secondary outcomes, the product(s) will move into phase II and III studies. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04882514. Registered on 2021–05-12, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04882514 .

Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a normal inhabitant of the human respiratory tract. However it is an increasingly recognized pathogen in invasive infections, particularly in the immunocompromised host and where there is disruption of the normal skin or mucosal barriers. We present a case of a 56-year-old female with a history of asplenia who developed H. parainfluenzae septic arthritis of the hip following an intra-articular steroid injection. We also summarize previously reported cases of bone and joint infections caused by H. parainfluenzae.

Background: Among those accessing treatment, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has transformed HIV into a chronic and manageable condition. However, high levels of adherence are required to derive a sustained, long-term clinical benefit. The aim of this study was to examine the predictors of adherence based on prescription refill among persons on HAART in British Columbia, Canada. Methods: This study utilizes data collected between July 2007 and January 2010, as part of the Longitudinal Investigations into Supportive and Ancillary health services (LISA) cohort, which is a study of HIV-positive persons who have accessed antiretroviral therapy (ART) in British Columbia. Participants were considered optimally adherent if they were dispensed ≥95% of their prescribed antiretrovirals. Results: Of a total of 566 participants, only 316 (55.8%) were optimally adherent to HAART. Independent predictors of optimal adherence were increasing age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44-2.33), male gender (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.07-2.64), and being enrolled in a comprehensive adherence assistance program (AOR = 4.26, 95% CI: 2.12-8.54). Having an annual income <$15 000 (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.31-0.72) and both former and current injection drug use (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29-0.73 and AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20-0.58, respectively) were independently associated with suboptimal (<95%) adherence. Conclusions: We found that women and people who inject drugs are at increased risk of being suboptimally adherent to HAART. Optimal adherence remains a significant public health and clinical goal in the context of rapidly expanding access to HAART.

Le rôle du remdésivir dans le traitement des patients hospitalisés pour la COVID-19 reste imprécis dans un contexte international. L’essai randomisé et contrôlé (ERC) Solidarity de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé a évalué le remdésivir chez des patients de nombreux pays; le Canada a inscrit des patients dans un protocole élargi de collecte de données: l’essai CATCO (Canadian Treatments for COVID-19). Nous faisons état des observations canadiennes, des données démographiques, des caractéristiques et des indicateurs cliniques qui témoignent de la variabilité des effets d’un système de santé à l’autre. Nous avons procédé à un ERC pragmatique à étiquetage en clair dans les hôpitaux canadiens, en collaboration avec l’essai Solidarity. Nous avons procédé à une attribution aléatoire des patients à 10 jours au remdésivir (200 mg par voie intraveineuse [IV] au jour 0, suivis de 100 mg IV par jour) en plus du traitement standard, ou au traitement standard seulement. L’indicateur principal était la mortalité perhospitalière. Les indicateurs secondaires incluaient les modifications de la gravité de l’état clinique, le nombre de jours sans oxygénothérapie et sans ventilation (à 28 jours), l’incidence d’un nouveau recours à l’oxygénothérapie et à la ventilation mécanique, la durée du séjour hospitalier et les taux d’effets indésirables. Nous avons effectué des analyses de sous-groupes préspécifiés selon la durée des symptômes avant le recrutement, l’âge, le sexe, et la gravité des symptômes à l’arrivée. Parmi 52 hôpitaux canadiens, entre le 14 août 2020 et le 1er avril 2021, nous avons procédé à une attribution aléatoire de 1282 patients au remdésivir (n = 634) ou au traitement standard (n = 648). Parmi ces patients, 15 ont retiré leur consentement ou étaient encore hospitalisés, pour un échantillon total de 1267 patients. Parmi les patients auxquels on a attribué le remdésivir, la mortalité perhospitalière a été de 18,7 %, contre 22,6 % chez les patients sous traitement standard (risque relatif [RR] 0,83, intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95 % 0,67–1,03 et la mortalité à 60 jours a été de 24,8 % et 28,2 %, respectivement (IC de 95 % 0,72–1,07). Pour les patients non ventilés mécaniquement au départ; le recours à la ventilation mécanique a été de 8,0 % chez les patients qui recevaient le remdésivir et de 15,0 % chez ceux sous traitement standard (RR 0,53, IC de 95 % 0,38–0,75). Le nombre moyen de jours sans oxygénothérapie ni ventilation au jour 28 étaient de 15,9 (± écart-type [É.T.] 10,5) et 21,4 (± É.-T. 11,3) chez les patients sous remdésivir et de 14,2 (± É.-T. 11) et 19,5 (± É.-T. 12,3) chez les patients sous traitement standard (p = 0,006 et 0,007, respectivement). On n’a noté aucune différence quant à l’innocuité (p. ex., recours à la dialyse, changement du taux de créatinine, ou nouveaux cas d’insuffisance hépatique) entre les 2 groupes. Comparativement au traitement standard, le remdésivir a eu un effet modeste, mais significatif sur certains indicateurs importants pour les patients et pour les systèmes de santé, tels que le recours à la ventilation mécanique. ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT04330690.