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Abstract Dissostichus eleginoides is a benthopelagic, carnivorous fish from circumpolar antarctic waters. It is a deep sea fish distributed up to 2500 m and reaching up to 200 kg, 2 m total length and over 50 years of lifespan. Although it is of commercial interest, with prices between 14-35 US $/kg, studies that allow its cultivation are scarce. D. eleginoides is considered to have a slow metabolism since it lives at low temperatures (2-11 °C) and high pressures (100-250 atmospheres). However, there are no records of their routine aerobic metabolism (or any in fact) and of their mass scaling in tanks captivity on the surface, being the aims of this study. Routine metabolism was measured in fish groups from 3 sizes, a) 2.31 ± 0.08 kg, b) 4.67 ± 0.06 kg and c) 8.97 ± 1.89 kg in two respirometry chambers allowing to perform closed respirometry. The average metabolic rate was 42.91 ± 0.48, 38.61 ± 2.64 and 35.35 ± 1.58 mg O2 kg-1 h-1 along fish sizes, with significant differences between sizes. The calculated scaling exponent was 0.85, similar to that reported for other cold-water fish species measured at the surface. Results show oxygen consumption rates, under surface pressure conditions, comparable to those of G. morhua and salmonids, which allows, preliminarily, to reject the initial hypothesis of a slow metabolism. Although the results are preliminary, they are the first to report on the routine metabolism of this species, making them relevant for future studies. Culture densities of 87.38, 57.77 and 64.92 kg m-3 were estimated for groups a, b and c presenting important advantages and new perspectives for the cultivation of D. eleginoides. Resumo Dissostichus eleginoides é um peixe bentopelágico, carnívoro, proveniente de águas profundas antárticas circumpolares até 2.500 m, podendo atingir até 200 kg, 2 m de comprimentoe 50 anos de vida. Embora tenha importância comercial com preços entre 14-35 US$ /kg, estudos que permitam o seu cultivo são escassos. D. eleginoides é considerado de metabolismo lento, pois vive em baixas temperaturas (2-11 °C) e altas pressões (100-250 atmosferas). No entanto, não há registros de seu metabolismo aeróbico de rotina e de seu enorme crescimento em tanques de cativeiro na superfície, sendo o objetivo deste estudo. O metabolismo de rotina foi medido em grupos de peixes de três tamanhos, a) 2,31 ± 0,08 kg, b) 4,67 ± 0,06 kg e c) 8,97 ± 1,89 kg em duas câmaras seladas feitas sob medida por respirometria fechada. A taxa metabólica média foi de 42,91 ± 0,48, 38,61 ± 2,64 e 35,35 ± 1,58 mg O2 kg-1 h-1, com diferenças significativas entre os tamanhos. O expoente de escala calculado foi de 0,85, semelhante ao relatado para outras espécies de peixes de água fria medidas na superfície. Os resultados mostram consumo de oxigênio em condições de pressão superficial comparáveis aos de G. morhua e salmonídeos, o que permite, preliminarmente, rejeitar a hipótese inicial de metabolismo lento. Embora os resultados sejam preliminares, eles são os primeiros a relatar o metabolismo de rotina desta espécie, tornando-os relevantes para estudos futuros. Densidades de cultivo de 87,38, 57,77 e 64,92 kg m-3 foram estimadas para os grupos a, b e c, apresentando importantes vantagens e novas perspectivas para o cultivo de D. eleginoides.

Fish farm effluents are known to affect water quality and freshwater ecosystems, potentially harming non-target organisms and ecosystem processes. We studied the effect of fish farm effluents at different concentrations (3.125-100% v/v) on catalase (CAT) and glutathione S -transferase (GST) activity as well as the DNA integrity of Oncorhynchus mykiss fry over 24-120 h. Biochemical responses and DNA damage analysis were conducted to assess the impact. We found that fish farm effluent had higher conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, and total dissolved solids concentrations downstream compared to upstream of the farm. Interestingly, no antibiotics were detected in the effluent. CAT activity significantly increased in the fish liver at concentrations of 12.5, 50, and 100% of the effluent after 72 h. In the gills, a significant increase was observed at concentrations ranging from 6.25 to 100% of the effluent after both 24 and 72 h. GST activity increased significantly in the liver at a concentration of 100% of the effluent after 72 h and in the gills at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100% after 24 h, with a decrease noted at higher concentrations. DNA damage assessment revealed significant DNA strand breaks in blood cells at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100% of the effluent after 120 h of exposure. The results demonstrate that fish farm effluents can induce oxidative stress, causing damage to DNA integrity in blood cells. Our findings emphasize the potential ecological risks posed by fish farm effluents to aquatic organisms.

In Chile, salt (NaCl) use per salmon fish farm ranges between 20−30 t yr⁻¹ and is used to prevent and control fungal infections. An increase in salinity in freshwater can have adverse effects on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. We studied the effects of fish-farm effluents on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in a northern Patagonian stream (Chile). Benthic samples were collected at 3 sites near a land-based salmon aquaculture facility (one located 100 m upstream from the fish-farm outlet for effluent, 2 sites located 200 and 400 m downstream from the effluent source). We found changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities downstream from the ef fluent, with higher abundances of tolerant taxa and lower abundances of sensitive taxa, which was related to nutrient and salt concentration in the water. We also studied the effects of salinity on macroinvertebrate drift in a mesocosm experiment conducted in recirculating channels, measuring the drift of 2 salt-sensitive macroinvertebrates (Andesiops peruvianus and Smicridea annulicornis), collected from an unpolluted northern Patagonian stream, after exposure to a range of salinity concentration pulses similar to those from fish farms. Our results demonstrate that (1) fish-farm effluent can alter stream macroinvertebrate community composition and dynamics, and (2) such effects are at least partly driven by high salt concentrations in effluent waters.

Volume 67 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry covers the Crystal Chemistry, Occurrence, and Health Issues of Amphiboles. Contents:Amphiboles: Crystal ChemistryClassification of the AmphibolesNew Amphibole Compositions: Natural and SyntheticLong-Range Order in AmphibolesShort-Range Order in AmphibolesNon-Ambient in situ Studies of AmphibolesThe Synthesis and Stability of Some End-Member AmphibolesThe Significance of the Reaction Path in Synthesizing Single-Phase Amphibole of Defined CompositionAmphiboles in the Igneous EnvironmentMetamorphic Amphiboles: Composition and CoexistenceTrace-Element Partitioning Between Amphibole and Silicate MeltAmphiboles: Environmental and Health ConcernsAmphiboles: Historical Perspective

PCR amplification of exons and exon-intron boundaries of TBX5 was carried out as previously described. 10, 20, 25 Plasmid constructs The upstream region from -270 to +1 bp from the transcription start site of the ANF promoter was PCR amplified and cloned into the pGL3 basic vector (Promega), resulting in the ANF-luc reporter gene. 18 The wild type TBX5 expression construct encoding FLAG-tagged TBX5 has been described previously. 18 The full length TBX5 cDNA was cloned into the pcDNA3.1 vector (CloneTech). [...]we have identified two novel TBX5 mutations, 381-408del27bp (the 27 bp in frame deletion) and 192G>A(W64X) (a nonsense mutation), which are associated with Holt-Oram syndrome.

The phytochemical study of two species of Jaborosa caulescens (var. caulescens and var. bipinnatifida) yielded the four new withanolides 1-4. The structures of the new compounds were determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques (including 1D and 2D NMR) and Molecular Modeling.

The objective of the research was to characterize the quality of damaged and undamaged jojoba seeds. The study was performed on jojoba seeds grown in La Rioja, Argentina. Proximal composition, fatty acid composition, acid value, peroxide value, conjugated dienes and trienes and protein electrophoresis profiles were determined in undamaged (JS) and damaged jojoba seeds (DJS). The fat content (wax) was lower in DJS (39.11%) than in JS (50.82%). The values of acid, peroxide, conjugated dienes and trienes were higher in DJS than in JS. No difference in fatty acid composition was observed between DJS and JS. The protein content was not significantly different between JS and DJS. However, DJS had lower soluble protein values. In the electrophoresis profiles, the band located at 50 kDa disappeared in DJS and the intensity of the band located at 25 kDa decreased. The deterioration process in jojoba kernels significantly affects the chemical quality of their proteins and waxes.

From whole Jaborosa odonelliana plants four new withanolides containing a spiranic lactone in the side chain, were isolated and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Heme oxygenase (HO) is the primary antioxidant enzyme involved in heme group degradation. A variety of stimuli triggers the expression of the inducible HO-1 isoform, which is modulated by its substrate and cellular stressors. A major anti-inflammatory role has been assigned to the HO-1 activity. Therefore, in recent years HO-1 induction has been employed as an approach to treating several disorders displaying some immune alterations components, such as exacerbated inflammation or self-reactivity. Many natural compounds have shown to be effective inductors of HO-1 without cytotoxic effects; among them, most are chemicals present in plants used as food, flavoring, and medicine. Here we discuss some naturally derived compounds involved in HO-1 induction, their impact in the immune response modulation, and the beneficial effect in diverse autoimmune disorders. We conclude that the use of some compounds from natural sources able to induce HO-1 is an attractive lifestyle toward promoting human health. This review opens a new outlook on the investigation of naturally derived HO-1 inducers, mainly concerning autoimmunity.

Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs are known regulators of gene expression and genomic stability in cell growth, development, and differentiation. Because epigenetic mechanisms can regulate several immune system elements, epigenetic alterations have been found in several autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to discuss the epigenetic modifications, mainly DNA methylation, involved in autoimmune diseases in which T cells play a significant role. For example, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus display differential gene methylation, mostly hypomethylated 5′-C-phosphate-G-3′ (CpG) sites that may associate with disease activity. However, a clear association between DNA methylation, gene expression, and disease pathogenesis must be demonstrated. A better understanding of the impact of epigenetic modifications on the onset of autoimmunity will contribute to the design of novel therapeutic approaches for these diseases.