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Understanding the entrepreneurial nature of universities--in particular, the relationship between education and health in relation to development and wellness of communities--this volume provides a description/narration of the efforts in how universities can address their shifting contexts while engaging their communities in social change. In the development of this book, we have explored how reforms in American higher education are impacting the role of universities and their faculty.

Physical activity declines during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. In order to evaluate this transition, it is important to assess physical activity behaviors in the young adult population. This is possible by assessing college students, which represent a large proportion of the young adult population. Currently, the determinants of physical activity participation in college students are poorly understood and a more detailed understanding is needed to help prevent the decline in physical activity. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of gender, enrollment in a college activity-based class, and high school physical activity participation on physical activity behaviors in college students. A second purpose to this study was to assess the impact of enrollment in a healthy lifestyles course on change in physical activity during a semester. Methods. A total of 911 college students enrolled in a healthy lifestyles class (n=455) and communications class (n=456) completed the baseline survey. A total of 765 students (healthy lifestyles = 355, communications = 365) completed the follow-up survey at the end of the semester. Study participants completed an internet questionnaire assessing frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity. Physical activity energy expenditure was specified as caloric expenditure indexed by body weight (kcal/kg/week) and quartiles of kcal/kg/week were used for analyses (Quartile 1: 0-12.5 kcal/kg/week, Quartile 2: 12.5-25.5 kcal/kg/week, Quartile 3: 25.5-45.9 kcal/kg/week, Quartile 4: >45.9 kcal/kg/week). A change score was used to assess the differences in physical activity at the beginning and end of the semester (Decrease: move to a lower quartile, Stay the Same: stay in the same quartile, Increase: increase to a higher quartile during the semester). Cross-tabulations were generated and chi square was used to determine any significant associations (p<.05) between physical activity participation and each exposure variable. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the magnitude of these associations. Results. When compared to the lowest physical activity quartile, males had 7.2 higher odds than females of belonging to the highest physical activity quartile. There was no difference in physical activity between students enrolled in the healthy lifestyles class and communications class. College students who played 1 high school sport, 2 sports, 3 sports, or 4 or more sports were 2.12, 3.3, 3.1, and 5.2 times more likely to be in the highest physical activity quartile. Students who were classified as moderately active during high school leisure time physical activities were 2.5 times more likely to be in quartile 2, 3.7 times more likely to be in quartile 3, and 9.9 times more likely to be in quartile 4. Students enrolled in the healthy lifestyles class had 81% higher odds than communication students to increase physical activity. Conclusions. Despite the concern regarding physical inactivity on college campuses, little is known about physical activity in this population. Therefore, the results of this study provide valuable information about the determinants of physical activity in the college students and that enrollment in a healthy lifestyles class may have a positive impact on physical activity participation.

Our path through graduate school was incredibly similar. First, we earned Masters degrees from Central Michigan University in exercise science. During our experiences as graduate assistants in Mount Pleasant, Michigan we worked on similar research projects, learned from the same advisors, and taught the same classes.

Understanding the entrepreneurial nature of universities—in particular, the relationship between Education and Health in relation to development and wellness of communities – we would like to begin this volume with a description/narration of the efforts in economic development by colleges to address the shifting markets and economic failures.

The ranges and abundances of species that depend on freshwater habitats are declining worldwide. Efforts to counteract those trends are often hampered by a lack of information about species distribution and conservation status and are often strongly biased toward a few well-studied groups. We identified the 3,906 vascular plants, macroinvertebrates, and vertebrates native to California, USA, that depend on fresh water for at least one stage of their life history. We evaluated the conservation status for these taxa using existing government and non-governmental organization assessments (e.g., endangered species act, NatureServe), created a spatial database of locality observations or distribution information from ~400 data sources, and mapped patterns of richness, endemism, and vulnerability. Although nearly half of all taxa with conservation status (n = 1,939) are vulnerable to extinction, only 114 (6%) of those vulnerable taxa have a legal mandate for protection in the form of formal inclusion on a state or federal endangered species list. Endemic taxa are at greater risk than non-endemics, with 90% of the 927 endemic taxa vulnerable to extinction. Records with spatial data were available for a total of 2,276 species (61%). The patterns of species richness differ depending on the taxonomic group analyzed, but are similar across taxonomic level. No particular taxonomic group represents an umbrella for all species, but hotspots of high richness for listed species cover 40% of the hotspots for all other species and 58% of the hotspots for vulnerable freshwater species. By mapping freshwater species hotspots we show locations that represent the top priority for conservation action in the state. This study identifies opportunities to fill gaps in the evaluation of conservation status for freshwater taxa in California, to address the lack of occurrence information for nearly 40% of freshwater taxa and nearly 40% of watersheds in the state, and to implement adequate protections for freshwater taxa where they are currently lacking.

Stream management goals for biological integrity may be difficult to achieve in developed landscapes where channel modification and other factors constrain in-stream conditions. To evaluate potential constraints on biological integrity, we developed a statewide landscape model for California that estimates ranges of likely scores for a macroinvertebrate-based index that are typical at a site with the observed level of landscape alteration. This context can support prioritization decisions for stream management, like identifying reaches for restoration or enhanced protection based on how observed scores relate to model predictions. Median scores were accurately predicted by the model for all sites in California with bioassessment data (Pearson correlation r = 0.75 between observed and predicted for calibration data, r = 0.72 for validation). The model also predicted that 15% of streams statewide are constrained for biological integrity within their present developed landscape, particularly for urban and agricultural areas in the South Coast, Central Valley, and Bay Area regions. We worked with a local stakeholder group from the San Gabriel River watershed (Los Angeles County, California) to evaluate how the statewide model could support local management decisions. To achieve this purpose, we created an interactive application, the Stream Classification and Priority Explorer, that compares observed scores with predictions from the landscape model to assign priorities. We observed model predictions consistent with the land-use gradient from the upper to lower watershed, where potential limits to achieving biological integrity were more common in the heavily-urbanized lower watershed. However, most of the sites in the lower watershed scored within their predicted ranges, and were therefore given a low priority for restoration. In contrast, 2 low-scoring sites in the undeveloped upper watershed were prioritized for causal assessment and possible future restoration, whereas 3 high-scoring sites were prioritized for protection. The availability of geospatial and bioassessment data at the national level suggests that these tools can easily be applied to inform management decisions at other locations where altered landscapes may limit biological integrity.

This study examined whether individual differences in error-related self-regulation predict emotion regulation in daily life, as suggested by a common-systems view of cognitive and emotional self-regulation. Participants (N = 47) completed a Stroop task, from which errorrelated brain potentials and behavioral measures of error correction were computed. Participants subsequently reported on daily stressors and anxiety over a 2-week period. As predicted by the common-systems view, a physiological marker of error monitoring and a behavioral measure of error correction predicted emotion regulation in daily life. Specifically, participants higher in cognitive control, as assessed neurally and behaviorally, were less reactive to stress in daily life. The results support the notion that cognitive control and emotion regulation depend on common or interacting systems.

Conservation scientists have adapted conservation planning principles designed for protection of habitats ranging from terrestrial to freshwater ecosystems. We applied current approaches in conservation planning to prioritize California watersheds for management of biodiversity. For all watersheds, we compiled data on the presence/absence of herpetofauna and fishes; observations of freshwater-dependent mammals, selected invertebrates, and plants; maps of freshwater habitat types; measures of habitat condition and vulnerability; and current management status. We analyzed species-distribution data to identify areas of high freshwater conservation value that optimized representation of target taxa on the landscape and leveraged existing protected areas. The resulting priority network encompasses 34% of the area of California and includes ≥10% of the geographic range for all target taxa. High-value watersheds supported nontarget freshwater taxa and habitats, and focusing on target taxa may provide broad conservation value. Most of the priority conservation network occurs on public lands (69% by area), and 46% overlaps with protected areas already managed for biodiversity. A significant proportion of the network area is on private land and underscores the value of programs that incentivize landowners to manage freshwater species and habitats. The priority conservation areas encompass more freshwater habitats/ha than existing protected areas. Land use (agriculture and urbanization), altered fire regimes, nonnative fish communities, and flow impairment are the most important threats to freshwater habitat in the priority network, whereas factors associated with changing climate are the key drivers of habitat vulnerability. Our study is a guide to a comprehensive approach to freshwater conservation currently lacking in California. Conservation resources are often limited, so prioritization tools are valuable assets to land and water managers.