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"Ogle, Vanessa"
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The global transformation of time : 1870-1950
\"This book is a revisionist account of attempts to unify clock times, calendars, and social time, and a methodological intervention in discussions about writing global and transnational history. The book uses the reform of time between 1870 and 1950 as a lens through which to understand the dynamics of globalization. Based on research in archives around the world in multiple languages, individual chapters take the story of uniform time to France and Germany, Britain, the British Empire/German colonies/Latin America, British India, Arab elites in the Levant, Muslim scholars in Egypt, and to the League of Nations. The author shows how cross-border flows of ideas and concepts of uniform time resulted in a nationalization and regionalization of temporal identities. As a consequence, uniform, accurate clock time remained nonstandardized, unstable, and incomplete as late as the 1930s and 1940s. Calendar reform, just as vivid and vast a field of activism as clock time, never came to pass altogether due to strong national and religious objections to a uniform World Calendar. When ideas about uniform time moved across borders and continents, they often did so along lateral, informal trajectories of transmission. Local initiatives often preceded national time politics. Top-down attempts to devise time reform schemes at international conferences, to implement them nationally, and assure application in the most remote local contexts rarely succeeded. Rather, globalization disheveled such hierarchies of the international, the national, and the local. The book, then, emphasizes the importance of nationalism and states as well as attention to scale in writing the history of global flows and connections\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Archipelago Capitalism
This article traces the emergence of an archipelago-like landscape of distinct legal and economic spaces throughout the long midcentury. Consisting of tax havens, offshore financial markets, flags of convenience, and economic free zones, this archipelago allowed free-market capitalism to flourish on the sidelines of a world increasingly dominated by more sizable and interventionist nation-states. It argues that certain characteristics of the rise of free-market capitalism since the 1970s and 1980s were previously practiced in the offshore archipelago, only to move back to Europe and North America with the rise of neoliberalism.
Journal Article
TIME, TEMPORALITY AND THE HISTORY OF CAPITALISM
Ogle expresses views on the aspects of time, temporality, and the history of capitalism. The year 2017 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of E. P. Thompson's landmark article 'Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism' in the pages of this journal. At currently 4,298 citations on Google Scholar, it is one of the most frequently cited articles in the field of history. Although ostensibly about work and industrial labor in particular, the appeal of Thompson's suggestive piece has extended far beyond a more narrowly defined labor history, into cultural history and general problems concerning the period since the eighteenth century, of life under Enlightenment rationalism and capitalist modernity. In any case, Thompson's article established the centrality of time for understanding the logic of capitalism.
Journal Article
Governing Global Tax Dodgers: The “Group of Four” and the Taxation of Multinational Corporations, 1970s–1980s
During the 1970s, governments increasingly expressed concerns about the loss of revenue through the use of tax havens by both individuals and corporations. This article explores a covert international working group (the Group of Four) set up between France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States in 1969 in response to such concerns. At regular meetings, officials exchanged information gathered by their respective tax authorities in auditing multinational companies. In the 1980s, under increasing pressure from governments in a now much more hostile climate to tax authorities, the Group’s work shifted away from multinationals and toward more general, technical questions. The history of the Group of Four illustrates the importance of the 1960s and 1970s as a period for regulating economic actors and the impact of broader circumstances on the success or failure of anti-tax avoidance measures.
Journal Article
State Rights against Private Capital: The “New International Economic Order” and the Struggle over Aid, Trade, and Foreign Investment, 1962–1981
Starting in the 1960s, Third World countries organized at the United Nations to achieve full economic independence. The “New International Economic Order” (NIEO) movement drafted charters and declarations, which placed the right to control natural resource industries and foreign direct investment squarely in the hands of newly decolonized nation-states. During the 1973 oil crisis, NIEO influence peaked. When debt and conditional loans followed in the wake of 1973, the NIEO’s leverage was removed. Instead of state-based right claims, the 1970s generally saw the triumph of the “last utopia” of individual human rights. It was mirrored by the rise of another anti-statist utopia, neoliberalism.
Journal Article
Whose Time Is It? The Pluralization of Time and the Global Condition, 1870s—1940s
Ogle looks at the history of time unification from a global perspective. It focuses on two different locales, Bombay and Beirut, diverse commercial and intellectual centers located in British India and the Ottoman Empire, respectively. In the increasingly globalized and interconnected world of the 19th century, a preoccupation with time emerged simultaneously in a variety of places. As a consequence, in cities such as Bombay and Beirut, European concepts of uniform, standardized time competed with other varieties of time. Attitudes toward time in the two metropolises were shaped by the political circumstances of colonial rule in Bombay, on the one hand, and the threat of future colonial subjugation by Europeans in Beirut, on the other. Therefore, European attempts to introduce uniform mean times and to spread ideas about social time merely added yet another layer to already variegated temporal landscapes. The result was a pluralized global condition of time that required switching between different orders of coexisting times for much longer than is commonly assumed.
Journal Article
