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This study assessed the spatial disposition of air pollutants and their relationship with meteorological parameters in urban slum settlements of Lagos city. The gaseous pollutants were quantified using a gas analyzer, and the PM2.5 concentration and meteorological parameters were determined using an Air Metric Sampler and Wind Mate, respectively. SPSS for Windows and ArcGIS were used for data analysis. The results revealed that the seasonal variations in SO2, NO2, CO2, and PM2.5 showed a higher level of air pollutant concentration during the dry season than during the wet season. During the wet season, a significant correlation was observed between PM2.5 and temperature at the 1% level (0.957 **), and VOC and SO2 (0.907 *) at the 5% level; during the dry season, significant correlations were observed between NO2 and SO2 at the 1% level (0.9477 **), and PM2.5 and relative humidity (0.832 *) at the 5% level. Atmospheric pressure (72%), temperature (60%), and relative humidity (98.4) were the primary meteorological factors affecting air pollutants such as VOC, CO2, and SO2. The spatial dispersal of air pollutants revealed a high Z score and a moderate p-value, indicating hot spot locations throughout the five selected slum settlements. It is recommended that regular monitoring based on quantifiable economic costs that are beneficial to the well-being of the populace be investigated, and policy-based initiatives for air pollution control based on scientific evidence be advocated for.

IntroductionSoil pollution caused by toxic elements such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) induces environmental stress on vegetable plants and soil microbial communities, reducing crop yield and disrupting ecosystem functions.MethodologyIn this study, nanoscale zerovalent iron supported with eggshell biochar and activated carbon (nZVI-ESB/AC) was synthesized using carbothermal reduction synthesis and evaluated the effectiveness in minimizing the toxicity of lead and cadmium in soil and alleviating the toxic effects of these metals on Brassica chinensis L. and soil microbial communities.ResultsThe nZVI-ESB/AC immobilized Pb and Cd in the soil more than ordinary eggshell biochar, resulting in their lower bioaccumulation in the edible part of Brassica chinensis L. The nZVI-ESB/AC treatments were significantly more effective than biochar treatments in enhancing plant growth, reducing oxidative stress indicators by 1.5–2 folds, and increasing the relative abundance level of Bacilli and Clostridia by 52–67% and 10–15%, respectively. The presence of iron in nZVI-ESB/AC enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, leading to the decreased generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in the plants.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the potential of nZVI-ESB/AC as an effective adsorbent for soil remediation, alleviating stress induced by toxic metals on vegetable plants and promoting bacterial community diversity. The successful application of nZVI-ESB/AC presents promising prospects for sustainable agriculture, mitigating the environmental impact of lead and cadmium pollution and improving crop yield.