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The study examines the impact of terrorism on the development of Nigeria's travel and tourism industry between 1995 and 2022. We asked how terrorism impacted the choice of tourist arrivals in Nigeria during the study period. We employed a mixed methods approach of qualitative and quantitative data to answer this. The qualitative data originated from journals, newspapers, and official reports. In contrast, the quantitative data were sourced from the Institute of Economics and Peace, the United Nations World Tourism Organisation Tourism Statistics Database, and the World Bank's World Governance Indicators Database. We employed the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model on a multiple regression comprised of Total Tourist Arrivals in Nigeria (Dependent Variable), Nigeria’s Global Terrorism Index Score (NGTS), Regulatory Quality (RQ), and Government Effectiveness (GE). We found that RQ and GE have no significant impact on tourist arrivals in Nigeria, while terrorism, proxied with NGTS, has a significant negative effect on tourist arrivals in Nigeria. A percentage change in NGTS will change tourist arrivals in Nigeria by about 113% in the opposite direction. With a further downgrade in NGTS, Nigeria will not only experience a reduction in tourist arrivals by up to 100% but also about a 13% reduction in foreign visitors. Our study recommends, among others, that the federal government should increase efforts to curb terrorist activities through enhanced supervision of the Nigerian security agencies, deployment of technology, investment in intelligence gathering, capacity enhancement of the security officials, and deployment of adequate intelligence and armed personnel in tourist centres across the country.

The Middle East has a long and complex history of political turmoil, violations of democratic principles and bad governance. Consequent of these, the region continues to grapple with democratic deficits despite pressure to transition towards greater political participation. The post-colonial state theory was adopted as the theoretical framework for this paper. The documentary method of data collection was used and data were analysed using content analysis. This paper argues that the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to European intervention, which hindered the development of democracy in the region. Furthermore, integrating the region's economy into the global capitalist system through colonialism exacerbated political instability and impeding democratic progress. Existing studies often focus on internal factors such as governance practices, cultural and religious aspects; this study emphasises the significant role of colonial history, global economic integration and political behaviour in shaping the region's democratic challenges. The findings reveal that the historical legacies of the Ottoman Empire's collapse and subsequent European colonialism have profoundly affected the political landscape of the Middle East. The study recommends among others the need to enhancing regional cooperation, promoting inclusive governance, and acknowledging the historical impact of colonialism and the urgent need to address common political and economic challenges facing the region.

The government's income influences its expenditures in public finance; its ability to spend is based on its anticipated revenue. That is why, all other things being equal, the government's ability to raise a given amount of money determines how well its economy performs throughout a fiscal year. For this reason, there is a strong emphasis on raising significant revenue to fund other government needs and developmental projects. Any nation's revenue base is key to driving its economic growth. Achieving multiple sources of income will be a mirage in a mono-economy. Therefore, economic diversification is commonly understood to move an economy away from a single source of income towards many sources derived from an expanding array of markets and sectors. The theoretical frameworks used in this study are primarily based on portfolio theory, which views diversification as reducing risk or variability as long as the price changes of the various stocks in an investment portfolio move in different directions or are not perfectly correlated. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) model was adopted for the analysis. The findings indicate that revenues from the agricultural, industrial, and services sectors significantly and positively influence Nigeria's economic growth beyond the oil sector's contributions. The Nigerian government should implement policies that stimulate various sectors of the economy to enhance revenue generation for the nation