Explore the vast range of titles available.

Summary of the long term data taking, related to one of the proposed next generation ground-based gravitational detector’s location is presented here. Results of seismic and infrasound noise, electromagnetic attenuation and cosmic muon radiation measurements are reported in the underground Matra Gravitational and Geophysical Laboratory near Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary. The collected seismic data of more than two years is evaluated from the point of view of the Einstein Telescope, a proposed third generation underground gravitational wave observatory. Applying our results for the site selection will significantly improve the signal to noise ratio of the multi-messenger astrophysics era, especially at the low frequency regime.

Stable reference electrodes (REs) are crucial for reliable voltammetry, controlled potential electrosynthesis, or spectro‐electrochemistry. Yet, inferior pseudo‐REs, such as plain Ag wire are often used, because commercial REs are expensive, may degrade or contaminate under required conditions, or don't fit geometric restrictions of custom setups. Addressing such cases, we report construction, benchmarking and utilization of easy to make, cheap (<1 €), and robust miniature REs from pasteur pipettes, molecular sieve beads and Ag wire. Excellent potential precision and accuracy with at least 1 week device stability was obtained for aqueous Ag/AgCl REs with 3 M NaCl in H2O and anhydrous 0.1 M TBACl in MeCN inner‐electrolytes. Even in alkaline 1 M NaOH electrolyte, where initial Ag/AgCl REs quickly convert to Ag/Ag2O (1 M NaOH) REs, perfect potential precision, accuracy, and at least 1 week stability are demonstrated. According to experimental needs, miniature REs can be built with many organic and aqueous electrolytes. For these custom use‐cases, we report guidelines to calibrate absolute RE potential, and to assess device precision, accuracy and stability. Finally, electro‐hydrogenation of styrene on nickel electrodes exemplifies superiority of Ag/AgCl REs over Ag wire pseudo‐REs, affording more reliable electrolysis current, cell potential and potential dependent Faraday efficiency. Cheap and simple Ag/AgCl reference electrodes for aqueous and organic electrolyte: An Ag/AgCl RE in robust glass casing can be home‐made in minutes for less than 1 €. Reliable use in aqueous and organic electrolytes is shown for CV and exemplary electro‐hydrogenation of styrene by controlled potential electrolysis. RE potential stability is confirmed for at least 1 week in multiple organic and aqueous electrolytes, including NaOH solutions at pH=14.

Fertility ideals remain centered on two children per woman in most postindustrial societies, presenting a puzzle for demographers interested in explaining very low fertility. This article explores the conditions producing a gap between fertility ideals and intentions among highly educated young women and men in four postindustrial countries. We employ in-depth interviews to analyze reasoning about fertility ideals and intentions in two countries with very low fertility (Japan and Spain) and two with slightly higher fertility (the United States and Sweden). We find that American and Swedish female interviewees are more likely than those in Japan and Spain to cite work/family conflict as a reason for their ideals/intentions gap. Our results also suggest that gender inequality is more important in generating low fertility intentions among highly educated interviewees in Japan than Spain. Taken together, these findings suggest complexities in how gender inequality affects fertility intentions among the highly educated in postindustrial contexts.

With the increase in female employment and the decrease in gender labor specialization, there has also been a marked change in gender role attitudes. An increasing proportion of women and men has cometo prefer gender egal · itarianism. Yet a marked gender division of labor persists. Here, we study the interplay between individual gender role attitudes and behavior in terms of sharing paid and unpaid work with one's partner, and implications for partnership stability. We focus on Sweden, a country with long experience of the dual-earner model and policies supporting female labor-force participation while also promoting men's active engagement in family tasks. We test two hypotheses: first, that gender egalitarianism in attitudes and behavior per se strengthens partnership stability (the gender egalitarian model) and second, that consistency in individual attitudes and couple behavior, whether egalitarian or traditional, strengthens partnership stability (the attitude-behavior consistency model). We use data from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study (YAPS) conducted in 1999,2003, and 2009. We find no difference in dissolution risk between the consistent egalitarian and the consistent traditional individuals, and both categories exhibit lower dissolution risks than individuals holding gender egalitarian views but dividing workload with their spouse/partner in a gender-traditional way. These results speak in favor of the attitude-behavior consistency model of marriage.

Changes in apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were compared with alterations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration and pH in different phases of transient focal cerebral ischemia to study the ADC threshold for breakdown of energy metabolism and tissue acidosis during ischemia and reperfusion. Male Wistar rats underwent 1 hour of middle cerebral artery occlusion without recirculation (n = 3) or with 1 hour (n = 4) or 10 hours of reperfusion (n = 5) inside the magnet, using a remotely controlled thread occlusion model. ADC maps were calculated from diffusion-weighted images and normalized to the preischemic value to obtain relative ADC maps. Hemispheric lesion volume (HLV) was determined on the last relative ADC maps at different relative ADC thresholds and was compared to the HLV measured by ATP depletion and by tissue acidosis. The HLVs, defined by ATP depletion and tissue acidosis, were 26.0% ± 10.6% and 38.1% ± 6.5% at the end of ischemia, 3.3% ± 2.4% and 4.8% ± 3.5% after 1 hour of reperfusion, and 11.2% ± 4.7% and 10.9% ± 5.2% after 10 hours of recirculation, respectively. The relative ADC thresholds for energy failure were consistently approximately 77% of the control value in the three different groups. The threshold for tissue acidosis was higher at the end of ischemia (86% of control) but was similar to the results obtained for ATP depletion after 1 hour (78% of control) and 10 hours (76% of control) of recirculation. These results indicate that the described relative ADC threshold of approximately 77% of control provides a good estimate for the breakdown of energy metabolism not only during middle cerebral artery occlusion but also at the early phase of reperfusion, when recovery of energy metabolism is expected to occur, or some hours later, when development of secondary energy failure was described.

Recent investigations on transient focal cerebral ischemia suggested recovery of energy metabolism during early reperfusion, but followed by secondary energy failure. As disturbances of energy metabolism are reflected by changes of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water, the aim of the current study was to follow the dynamics of the ADC during 1 hour of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 10 hours of reperfusion. The right MCA was occluded in male Wistar rats inside the magnet using a remotely controlled thread occlusion model. Diffusion-, perfusion-, and T2-weighted images were performed repetitively, and ADC, perfusion, and T2maps were calculated and normalized to the respective preischemic value. The lesion volume at each time point was defined by ADC < 80% of control. At the end of 1-hour MCAO the hemispheric lesion volume was 22.3 ± 9.0%; it decreased to 6.4 ± 5.7% in the first 2 hours of reperfusion (P < 0.01), but then increased again, and by the end of 10 hours of reperfusion reached 17.3 ± 9.3%. The mean relative ADC in the end ischemic lesion volume significantly improved within 2 hours of reperfusion (from 65.7 ± 1.2% to 90.1 ± 6.7% of control), but later declined and decreased to 75.4 ± 7.3% of control by the end of the experiment. Pixels with secondary deterioration of ADC showed a continuous increase of T2value during the first 2 hours of reperfusion in spite of ADC improvement, indicating improving cytotoxic, but generation of vasogenic edema during early reperfusion. A significant decrease of the perfusion level was not observed during 10 hours of recirculation. The authors conclude that the improvement of ADC in the early phase of reperfusion may be followed by secondary deterioration that was not caused by delayed hypoperfusion.

The production cross sections for prompt charmed mesons D 0 , D + , D ∗ + and D s + were measured at mid-rapidity in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy s = 7 TeV with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). D mesons were reconstructed from their decays D 0 → K - π + , D + → K - π + π + , D ∗ + → D 0 π + , D s + → ϕ π + → K - K + π + , and their charge conjugates.With respect to previous measurements in the same rapidity region, the coverage in transverse momentum ( p T ) is extended and the uncertainties are reduced by a factor of about two. The accuracy on the estimated total c c ¯ production cross section is likewise improved. The measured p T -differential cross sections are compared with the results of three perturbative QCD calculations.

The pT-differential production cross section of prompt Λ c + charmed baryons was measured with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV and in p-Pb collisions at sNN−−−√=5.02 TeV at midrapidity. The Λ c + and Λ¯¯¯¯c¯¯¯ were reconstructed in the hadronic decay modes Λ c +  → pK−π+, Λ c +  → pK S 0 and in the semileptonic channel Λ c +  → e+νeΛ (and charge conjugates). The measured values of the Λ c + /D0 ratio, which is sensitive to the c-quark hadronisation mechanism, and in particular to the production of baryons, are presented and are larger than those measured previously in different colliding systems, centre-of-mass energies, rapidity and pT intervals, where the Λ c + production process may differ. The results are compared with the expectations obtained from perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics calculations and Monte Carlo event generators. Neither perturbative QCD calculations nor Monte Carlo models reproduce the data, indicating that the fragmentation of heavy-flavour baryons is not well understood. The first measurement at the LHC of the Λ c + nuclear modification factor, RpPb, is also presented. The RpPb is found to be consistent with unity and with that of D mesons within the uncertainties, and consistent with a theoretical calculation that includes cold nuclear matter effects and a calculation that includes charm quark interactions with a deconfined medium.

A detailed study of pseudorapidity densities and multiplicity distributions of primary charged particles produced in proton–proton collisions, at s = 0.9, 2.36, 2.76, 7 and 8 TeV, in the pseudorapidity range | η | < 2 , was carried out using the ALICE detector. Measurements were obtained for three event classes: inelastic, non-single diffractive and events with at least one charged particle in the pseudorapidity interval | η | < 1 . The use of an improved track-counting algorithm combined with ALICE’s measurements of diffractive processes allows a higher precision compared to our previous publications. A KNO scaling study was performed in the pseudorapidity intervals | η | < 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. The data are compared to other experimental results and to models as implemented in Monte Carlo event generators PHOJET and recent tunes of PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8 and EPOS.

The measurement of primary π ± , K ± , p and p ¯ production at mid-rapidity ( | y | < 0.5) in proton–proton collisions at s = 7 TeV performed with a large ion collider experiment at the large hadron collider (LHC) is reported. Particle identification is performed using the specific ionisation energy-loss and time-of-flight information, the ring-imaging Cherenkov technique and the kink-topology identification of weak decays of charged kaons. Transverse momentum spectra are measured from 0.1 up to 3 GeV/ c for pions, from 0.2 up to 6 GeV/ c for kaons and from 0.3 up to 6 GeV/ c for protons. The measured spectra and particle ratios are compared with quantum chromodynamics-inspired models, tuned to reproduce also the earlier measurements performed at the LHC. Furthermore, the integrated particle yields and ratios as well as the average transverse momenta are compared with results at lower collision energies.