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\"Presents some of most exciting and consequential FIFA World Cup matches ever played. It will explore the players, coaches, and moments that made these championship games become an unforgettable part of pro sports history\"-- Provided by publisher.

Introduction Short sleepers (< 6 hours per night) represent a unique phenotype of insomnia associated with more severe biological implications compared to insomnia with normal sleep duration. A primary contributor to shorter sleep duration is more time spent awake after sleep onset (i.e., WASO), which has deleterious effects on long-term cardiac physiology. For instance, short sleepers with higher WASO have lower parasympathetic activity at sleep onset compared to those with lower WASO or greater sleep duration. Methods Results presented here are derived from baseline assessments collected as a part of a clinical trial comparing three modalities of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in middle-aged adults (50-65yrs) with chronic insomnia (N = 23). During their baseline assessment, individuals first completed one night of in-home polysomnography. Total sleep time was PSG derived. The following night, they wore an Equivital Harness equipped with an electrocardiogram (ECG) for 24 hours. In this investigation, inter-beat intervals were derived from ECG in 10-minute segments just before and just after bedtime (i.e., when the individual tried to sleep). WASO was calculated using sleep diaries during the night they wore the Harness and the following week. Results Preliminary data N = 23) show that high frequency (0.15-0.4Hz) heart rate variability (HRV; i.e., parasympathetic activity) at bedtime is not associated with WASO that night or WASO averaged across the following week. However, when the sample was narrowed to short sleepers only (□6hours; n = 7), lower levels of bedtime HRV (B = -.81, p = .028) is associated with greater WASO during the following week. In short sleepers, mean score of both before and after bedtime HRV predicted 65% of variance in WASO averaged across the next seven nights (R2 = .653, F (1, 5) = 9.41, B = -0.81, p = .28). These effects were not significant in individuals with sleep durations longer than 6 hours. Conclusion In this small sample, short sleepers display a unique, inverse relationship between cardiac vagal activity and sleep continuity, replicating similar findings regarding parasympathetic activity at sleep onset and subsequent WASO. Support (if any) This project is supported by the Psychology Department at the University of Arizona.

This article examines the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act's various provisions and the proposed Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules. It then analyzes how the SEC has construed the term \"investment advice\" in the past and discerns two standards that the SEC appears to use in this context. This article then applies these standards to two provisions that fall between the gaps of the safe harbor in the proposed rules: an offering removal provision and a crowd rating system provision, and then determines whether either would constitute investment advice under the prior SEC standards. This article then argues that, because of the unique role the \"crowd\" plays in crowdfunding schemes and the tension between providing low-cost capital financing and investor protection, an activity that may constitute investment advice under traditional SEC analysis would not constitute investment advice if performed by a funding portal, and vice versa.

The recommended first-line treatment for insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi), but access is limited. Telehealth- or internet-delivered CBTi are alternative ways to increase access. To date, these intervention modalities have never been compared within a single study. Further, few studies have examined (a) predictors of response to the different modalities, (b) whether successfully treating insomnia can result in improvement of health-related biomarkers, and (c) mechanisms of change in CBTi. This protocol was designed to compare the three CBTi modalities to each other and a waitlist control for adults aged 50–65 years ( N = 100). Participants are randomly assigned to one of four study arms: in-person- ( n = 30), telehealth- ( n = 30) internet-delivered ( n = 30) CBTi, or 12-week waitlist control ( n = 10). Outcomes include self-reported insomnia symptom severity, polysomnography, circadian rhythms of activity and core body temperature, blood- and sweat-based biomarkers, cognitive functioning and magnetic resonance imaging.

While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in diagnostic reasoning, their impact on management reasoning, which involves balancing treatment decisions and testing strategies while managing risk, is unknown. This prospective, randomized, controlled trial assessed whether LLM assistance improves physician performance on open-ended management reasoning tasks compared to conventional resources. From November 2023 to April 2024, 92 practicing physicians were randomized to use either GPT-4 plus conventional resources or conventional resources alone to answer five expert-developed clinical vignettes in a simulated setting. All cases were based on real, de-identified patient encounters, with information revealed sequentially to mirror the nature of clinical environments. The primary outcome was the difference in total score between groups on expert-developed scoring rubrics. Secondary outcomes included domain-specific scores and time spent per case. Physicians using the LLM scored significantly higher compared to those using conventional resources (mean difference = 6.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.7 to 10.2, P  < 0.001). LLM users spent more time per case (mean difference = 119.3 s, 95% CI = 17.4 to 221.2, P  = 0.02). There was no significant difference between LLM-augmented physicians and LLM alone (−0.9%, 95% CI = −9.0 to 7.2, P  = 0.8). LLM assistance can improve physician management reasoning in complex clinical vignettes compared to conventional resources and should be validated in real clinical practice. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT06208423 . In a prospective study involving 92 physicians from multiple institutions, access to large language model assistance on top of conventional resources increased a score expressing the quality of their reasoning in addressing patient care while assessing five clinical vignettes.