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دماء، عقائد، وأصوات اقتراع : القضية الكردية والتعامل معها في تركيا (2007-2009)
هذا الكتاب يحلل ويشرح الوسائل المستعملة من قبل الدولة التركية للتعامل مع القومية الكردية خلال سنوات 2007-2009 ورد فعل الأكراد وحزب العمال الكردستاني والحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي تجاه تعامل الدولة هذا والذي اشتملت على القوات المسلحة، منظمات تأمرية مثل اركنكون، أي المجموعة اليمينية الضباط الجيش الصحفيين والأكاديميين المتقاعدين النشطين، وانماط الجريمة المنظمة القضاء، إعلام المخبرون الكرد وهبات الدولة جانب من تعامل الدولة مع الحركة القومية الكردية داخل تركيا ، دفع أنقرة أيضا لبناء علاقات حسنة مع إيران سورية والعراق، تحسين العلاقات مع حكومة إقليم كردستان في العراق أصبح مهما لتركيا بين سنوات 2007-2009 انتهت هذه المحاولة بانتخابات 29 مارس 2009 وتحليل مدى نجاح أساليب تركيا في التعامل مع الحركة القومية الكردية خلال المدة المحددة للتحليل وبماذا يبشر لمستقبل العلاقات بين الكرد والترك في تركيا، بين تركيا والعراق، بين تركيا وحكومة إقليم كردستان وتأثير هذه العلاقات على سياسات الشرق الأوسط الأوسع.
Book
A global meta-analysis of marine predator nitrogen stable isotopes: Relationships between trophic structure and environmental conditions
Aim: We examined potential environmental drivers of broad-scale spatial patterns in the trophic structure of marine ecosystems as represented by nitroge-n stable isotopes in globally distributed marine predators. Additionally, we assessed the effects of spatial scale on the predictive capabilities of environmental variables. Location: Global oceans. Time period: 2000 to 2015. Major taxa studied: Tunas: Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus, Thunnus alalunga. Methods: We undertook a global compilation and meta-analysis of the bulk nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ15N values) of three tuna species (n = 4,281). After adjusting for regional variations in baseline δ15N values using a global ocean biogeochemistry model, generalized additive mixed models were employed to infer global-scale oceanographic controls of trophic structure, using cosmopolitan tuna species as a model. Results: For the three tuna species, variation in trophic position estimated using bulk δ15N values was largely explained by geographical location and the corresponding oxygen minimum layer depth. Tuna trophic positions declined in areas with reduced oxygen at depth. Food-chain length, as captured by maximum trophic position, was longer in areas of the western Pacific Ocean and shorter in the northern Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. Trophic adaptability of the tuna predators, as indicated by intraspecific variability, was highest in the western and central Pacific Ocean and lowest in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Our analysis demonstrated that while tunas share similar functional trophic roles, deeper-foraging tuna species had higher trophic positions globally. The predictive capacity of environmental variables decreased at finer (regional) spatial scales. Main conclusions: Our work suggests that habitat compression resulting from the predicted global expansion of oxygen minimum zones with ocean warming will impact the trophic structure of marine food webs and the corresponding foraging habits of marine predators. Spatial scale analyses highlighted the importance of representing differences in regional ecological dynamics in global-scale trophic and ecosystem models.
Journal Article
RASTtk: A modular and extensible implementation of the RAST algorithm for building custom annotation pipelines and annotating batches of genomes
The RAST (Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology) annotation engine was built in 2008 to annotate bacterial and archaeal genomes. It works by offering a standard software pipeline for identifying genomic features (i.e., protein-encoding genes and RNA) and annotating their functions. Recently, in order to make RAST a more useful research tool and to keep pace with advancements in bioinformatics, it has become desirable to build a version of RAST that is both customizable and extensible. In this paper, we describe the RAST tool kit (RASTtk), a modular version of RAST that enables researchers to build custom annotation pipelines. RASTtk offers a choice of software for identifying and annotating genomic features as well as the ability to add custom features to an annotation job. RASTtk also accommodates the batch submission of genomes and the ability to customize annotation protocols for batch submissions. This is the first major software restructuring of RAST since its inception.
Journal Article
An open map : the correspondence of Robert Duncan and Charles Olson
\"The correspondence of Robert Duncan and Charles Olson is one of the foundational literary exchanges of twentieth-century American poetry. The 130 letters collected in this volume begin in 1947 just after the two poets first meet in Berkeley, California, and continue to Olson's death in January 1970\"--Amazon.com.
BOOK
Population-based differences in cancer incidence between immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada between 1992 and 2015
Objectives
With increasing immigration in Canada and strained cancer treatment infrastructure, there’s a pressing need for long-term data on immigrant health and cancer incidence. This information is crucial for planning future cancer services and to alleviate the burden on both the population and healthcare system.
Methods
Statistics Canada data were linked from the 1991 Canadian Census, Canadian Cancer Registry, and Canadian Vital Statistics Database to follow a cohort from 1992 to 2015 and compare cancer incidence between immigrants and the Canadian-born for any cancer and specific types of cancers. Immigrants were further classified based on time spent in Canada.
Results
Immigrants had lower odds of developing any cancer (OR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.92–0.93],
p
< 0.001) compared to non-immigrants. However, for stomach cancer and non-cervical gynecological cancers, the odds of cancer incidence were greater for immigrants than for the Canadian-born. Cox regression showed that recent immigrants (0–4 years in Canada) had a lower hazard ratio (HR = 0.77, 95% CI [0.71–0.84],
p
< 0.001) compared to non-immigrants. Those who lived 5–9 years and 10–19 years in Canada had a higher hazard ratio (HR = 0.82, 95% CI [0.75–0.89],
p
< 0.001; HR = 0.90, 95% CI [0.82–0.98],
p
= 0.011), respectively. Immigrants who had been in Canada for 20 years or longer had the highest hazard ratio (HR = 0.98, 95% CI [0.90–1.07],
p
= 0.632), indicating that the so-called “healthy immigrant effect” lessens over time.
Conclusion
Results demonstrated the healthy immigrant effect lessens over time spent in Canada. However, this effect was not uniform across countries of origin and cancer types. Therefore, this research, provides a deeper understanding of immigrant cancer outcomes and will be useful for cancer planning services and cancer control strategies.
Journal Article
الحركات القومية الكردية في تركيا 1980-2011 : الظلم، المقاومة، الحرب، التعليم بلغة الأم والعلاقات مع حكومة إقليم كردستان
الكتاب \"الحركات القومية الكردية في تركيا 1980-2011 : الظلم، المقاومة، الحرب، التعليم بلغة الأم والعلاقات مع حكومة إقليم كردستان\" من تأليف روبرت أولسون وترجمة د. سعاد محمد خضر، يتناول تطور الحركات القومية الكردية في تركيا خلال الفترة من 1980 إلى 2011. يركز الكتاب على: الظلم والمظالم التي تعرض لها الأكراد في تركيا، وكيف أثرت هذه التجارب على تطور الحركة القومية. المقاومة الكردية وأشكالها المختلفة ضد السياسات الحكومية، الحرب المستمرة بين الحكومة التركية والمتمردين الأكراد، وتفاصيل النزاع المسلح وتأثيراته. التعليم بلغة الأم وأهمية اللغة الكردية في التعليم والثقافة، العلاقات مع حكومة إقليم كردستان وكيفية تأثير هذه العلاقات على الحركة القومية الكردية في تركيا.
Book
Predicting antimicrobial resistance using conserved genes
A growing number of studies are using machine learning models to accurately predict antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes from bacterial sequence data. Although these studies are showing promise, the models are typically trained using features derived from comprehensive sets of AMR genes or whole genome sequences and may not be suitable for use when genomes are incomplete. In this study, we explore the possibility of predicting AMR phenotypes using incomplete genome sequence data. Models were built from small sets of randomly-selected core genes after removing the AMR genes. For Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus, we report that it is possible to classify susceptible and resistant phenotypes with average F1 scores ranging from 0.80-0.89 with as few as 100 conserved non-AMR genes, with very major error rates ranging from 0.11-0.23 and major error rates ranging from 0.10-0.20. Models built from core genes have predictive power in cases where the primary AMR mechanisms result from SNPs or horizontal gene transfer. By randomly sampling non-overlapping sets of core genes, we show that F1 scores and error rates are stable and have little variance between replicates. Although these small core gene models have lower accuracies and higher error rates than models built from the corresponding assembled genomes, the results suggest that sufficient variation exists in the core non-AMR genes of a species for predicting AMR phenotypes.
Journal Article
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for the comprehensive treatment of 4–10 oligometastatic tumors (SABR-COMET-10): study protocol for a randomized phase III trial
Background
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has emerged as a new treatment option for patients with oligometastatic disease. SABR delivers precise, high-dose, hypofractionated radiotherapy, and achieves excellent rates of local control for primary tumors or metastases. A recent randomized phase II trial evaluated SABR in a group of patients with a small burden of oligometastatic disease (mostly with 1–3 metastatic lesions), and found that SABR was associated with benefits in progression-free survival and overall survival. The goal of this phase III trial is to assess the impact of SABR in patients with 4–10 metastatic cancer lesions.
Methods
One hundred and fifty-nine patients will be randomized in a 1:2 ratio between the control arm (consisting of standard of care palliative-intent treatments), and the SABR arm (consisting of standard of care treatment + SABR to all sites of known disease). Randomization will be stratified by two factors: histology (Group 1: prostate, breast, or renal; Group 2: all others), and type of pre-specified systemic therapy (Group 1: immunotherapy/targeted; Group 2: cytotoxic; Group 3: observation). SABR is to be completed within 2 weeks, allowing for rapid initiation of systemic therapy. Recommended SABR doses are 20 Gy in 1 fraction, 30 Gy in 3 fractions, or 35 Gy in 5 fractions, chosen to minimize risks of toxicity. The primary endpoint is overall survival, and secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, time to development of new metastatic lesions, quality of life, and toxicity. Translational endpoints include assessment of circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, and tumor tissue as prognostic and predictive markers, including assessment of immunological predictors of response and long-term survival.
Discussion
This study will provide an assessment of the impact of SABR on clinical outcomes and quality of life, to determine if long-term survival can be achieved for selected patients with 4–10 oligometastatic lesions.
Trial registration
Clinicaltrials.gov identifier:
NCT03721341
. Date of registration: October 26, 2018.
Journal Article
Physiological and ecological drivers of early spring blooms of a coastal phytoplankter
Climate affects the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton blooms that fuel marine food webs and influence global biogeochemical cycles. Changes in bloom timing have been detected in some cases, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, contributing to uncertainty in long-term predictions of climate change impacts. Here we describe a 13-year hourly time series from the New England shelf of data on the coastal phytoplankter Synechococcus, during which the timing of its spring bloom varied by 4 weeks. We show that multiyear trends are due to temperature-induced changes in cell division rate, with earlier blooms driven by warmer spring water temperatures. Synechococcus loss rates shift in tandem with division rates, suggesting a balance between growth and loss that has persisted despite phenological shifts and environmental change.
Journal Article