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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder caused by phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A (PIG-A) gene mutations, leading to complement-mediated hemolysis, cytopenias, and thrombotic risk. While C5 inhibitors, such as eculizumab and ravulizumab, have transformed PNH management, optimal strategies for bone marrow failure-associated PNH remain unclear. We report two cases of bone marrow failure-associated PNH treated with crovalimab, focusing on its effects on hemolysis and blood cell recovery, particularly platelet counts within four weeks of crovalimab initiation. Case 1: A 79-year-old man presented with mild anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated LDH, and impaired renal function. Crovalimab initiation resulted in rapid symptom improvement, decreased LDH, and a platelet increase. Case 2: A 22-year-old male athlete exhibited mild anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated LDH. Crovalimab resolved the symptoms, there were no hemolytic attacks, and the platelet count increased. Both patients demonstrated prompt improvement in hemolytic parameters and significant platelet recovery following crovalimab initiation, with no serious adverse events. These findings suggest that crovalimab not only attenuates hemolysis but may also improve platelet counts in bone marrow failure-associated PNH, highlighting its broader therapeutic potential and the need for further investigation in larger cohorts.

Infrared (IR) observations provide significant information on the lifecycle of dust grains in the interstellar medium (ISM), which is crucial for the understanding of the evolution of matter in the universe. The IR spectral energy distribution (SED) of the dust emission tells us the relative abundance of sub-micron grains, very small grains, and carriers of the unidentified infrared (UIR) emission bands, since they emit the far-IR, the mid-IR, and the UIR bands from the near- to mid-IR, respectively. On the other hand, the UIR emission bands themselves offer a useful means to probe the physical conditions from which the band emission arises because each band is assigned to a specific C-H or C-C vibration mode and because its relative intensity should reflect the properties of the band carriers and the physical conditions of the environment. Here the two diagnostic methods using IR observations are briefly described together with examples of the observational results. Implications for the dust lifecycle are also discussed.

Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an antibody-drug conjugate composed of a CD30-directed monoclonal antibody and monomethyl auristatin E [1]. BV monotherapy showed good response rates for cases of refractory and relapsed anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), but only a few case reportsare available for cutaneous localized ALCL (cALCL). We herein report the treatment with BV of relapsed cALCL with an excellent response. An 82-year-old female with relapsed cALCL had generalized erythema accompanied by desquamation and could not extend her fingers enough (Figure 1), with no lymph node lesions. Due to the previous treatment with radiation, steroid ointment, and systemic chemotherapy, we chose BV monotherapy for her, dosing at 1.8 mg/kg every 21 days. After the third infusion, her generalized erythemaand her finger movement were improved (Figure 2). She did not have any severe adverse effects or infusion reaction except for hematologic toxicity (leukocytopenia). She has finished 6 courses of BV infusion and maintained remission of skin lesions. There are several reports that showed the effectiveness of BV treatment for cALCL [2,3], but the optimal treatment interval and cycles, and the necessity of maintenance therapy by using BV, are unclear. Further studies are needed to evaluate BV treatment in cases of cALCL.

The discovery of bio-molecules in meteorites with an excess of one chiral state has created one of the biggest questions in astrobiology today. That is, what is the origin of bio-molecular homochirality? Studies of this question are highly interdisciplinary, and while several phenomenological models exist, we examine the relationship between fundamental symmetries at the particle level and the macroscopic formation of bio-molecules. A model has been developed which couples fundamental interactions with the formation of molecular chirality. In this magneto-chiral model atomic nuclei bound in amino acids interact via the weak interaction in stellar environments. Nuclei are coupled to the molecular geometry (chirality) via the shielding tensor, the same interaction responsible for NMR identification. Associated with this is the fact that isotopic abundances vary from solar system values. Interactions with leptons can selectively destroy one chiral state over the other while changing isotopic values. Possible sites are proposed in which this model may exist.

This is the first report of a case of COVID‐19 after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Our case suggests that COVID‐19 may exist without characteristic CT images, especially in immunocompromised hosts, such as patients after transplantation. This is the first report of a case of COVID‐19 after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Our case suggests that COVID‐19 may exist without characteristic CT images, especially in immunocompromised hosts, such as patients after transplantation.

A mechanism for creating an enantioenrichment in the amino acids, the building blocks of the proteins, that involves global selection of one handedness by interactions between the amino acids and neutrinos from core-collapse supernovae is defined. The chiral selection involves the dependence of the interaction cross sections on the orientations of the spins of the neutrinos and the 14N nuclei in the amino acids, or in precursor molecules, which in turn couple to the molecular chirality. It also requires an asymmetric distribution of neutrinos emitted from the supernova. The subsequent chemical evolution and galactic mixing would ultimately populate the Galaxy with the selected species. The resulting amino acids could either be the source thereof on Earth, or could have triggered the chirality that was ultimately achieved for Earth’s proteinaceous amino acids.

AKARI, formerly known as ASTRO-F, is a satellite mission dedicated to infrared astronomy for the first time in Japan. It has a 685-mm aperture telescope with two focal-plane instruments cooled by liquid helium (LHe) and mechanical coolers on board for observations in the 2–180 μm infrared spectral range. AKARI was launched on 2006 February 21 (UT) into a sun-synchronous polar orbit and started observations in May, 2006. It carried 179 liter LHe that lasted for 550 days and observations with LHe were carried out for more than 15 months. During the LHe holding period, AKARI made all-sky survey observations with six bands from 9 to 160 μm, which surpass the IRAS all-sky survey data in the sensitivity, spatial resolution, and spectral coverage. Together with the all-sky observation, AKARI also made pointing observations for about 10 min at a given position of the sky to execute deep imaging and spectroscopy from near- to far-infrared. Both focal-plane instruments work successfully on orbit and more than 90% of the sky was observed in the all-sky survey. After LHe exhaustion, near-infrared observations are planned to continue. This paper reports the in-orbit performance of AKARI and its early observational results so far obtained.

Key Clinical Message Nilotinib, a BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a known inhibitor of CYP3A4 and could increase the concentration of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. An immunosuppressive drug for nilotinib‐treated patients following transplant should be administered with careful pharmacokinetic monitoring because of its interaction with nilotinib. Nilotinib, a BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is a known inhibitor of CYP3A4 and could increase the concentration of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. An immunosuppressive drug for nilotinib‐treated patients following transplant should be administered with careful pharmacokinetic monitoring because of its interaction with nilotinib.

Recent space infrared telescopes, Infrared Space Observatory, Spitzer Space Telescope, and AKARI have made significant progress in our understanding of organic dust in the Universe. In this review, we discuss recent observations with these space telescopes of the unidentified infrared emission (UIE) features in the near to mid-infrared, which come from very small organic dust, and the absorption features from 3 to 7 µm, which characterize large organic dust. They provide us with a new view of organic dust in galaxies. We also briefly discuss latest AKARI observations of H2O and CO2 ices in 2.5-5 µm in the Large Magellanic Cloud in comparison with observations in our Galaxy, which suggests the importance of dust surface chemistry in the formation of organic matters in the Universe.