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This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is higher in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) than in the normal population, and to determine the relationships of the CIMT with central retinal artery (CRA) and renal artery Doppler indices. Forty-four confirmed steady-state SCD patients aged 16 years and above were recruited consecutively. The Doppler velocimetric indices of their right renal artery and both CRAs were obtained. The CIMT was also measured on each side via B-mode ultrasonography. The subjects were categorized by age and sex. Mean and median values for each group were determined. The Spearman correlation test was used to quantify the relationships between CIMT and the Doppler parameters. The participants had a median age of 24.50 years (interquartile range, 12.50 to 36.50 years). Twenty-three were men (52.3%) and 21 were women (47.7%). The median CIMT was 0.70 mm (IQR, 0.50 to 0.90 mm). Significant correlations with the CIMT were found for the CRA peak systolic velocity (r=0.312, P=0.003), the renal artery resistivity index (RI) (r=0.284, P=0.007), and the renal artery pulsatility index (PI) (r=0.273, P=0.010). There was no significant relationship between the CIMT and the CRA end-diastolic velocity, CRA RI, or CRA PI. CIMT in SCD patients was higher than in the previously reported age groups of the reference populations. In addition, the CIMT was significantly correlated with the CRA peak systolic velocity, the renal artery RI, and the renal artery PI.

Purpose To determine the effect of clinical and cytological features of ocular surface disease on patient’s satisfaction following small incision cataract surgery at a tertiary eye care centre. Method This is a prospective observational study of 70 consecutive consenting patients who underwent manual small incision cataract surgery(MSICS) at a tertiary eye care centre. All participants underwent ocular surface profile assessment using Schirmer I test (ST1), tear film break-up time (TBUT), conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) at pre-operative visit, 1-week and 4-week post-operative visit. Patient’s satisfaction with surgical outcome was evaluated at 6-week post-operative visit using a rating scale of 1 to 10. Data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY USA). Results The mean age was 68 ± 9.4 years with a male/female ratio of 1:1.1. The mean OSDI score decreased significantly ( p  < 0.001) from 33.1 ± 8.4 pre-operatively to 20.8 ± 7.4 four weeks after surgery. The TBUT was 12 ± 4.1 s pre-operatively, but significantly reduced to 11.2 ± 3.9 s ( p  < 0.001) at 4-week post-operative period. At 6 weeks, patients with normal CIC reduced from 53 (75.8%) pre-operatively to 8 (11.4%) ( p  < 0.001, z  = − 7.24). Fifty percent of patients with severe post-operative ocular surface disease reported dissatisfaction with their surgical outcome ( p  = 0.024). Conclusion Manual small incision cataract surgery can significantly impair the ocular surface health profile of patients. The presence of ocular surface disease in patients pre-operatively can negatively impact their level of satisfaction with surgical outcome.

IntroductionTo investigate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and lens thickness (LT) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and compare with age- and sex-matched controls.MethodsA cross-sectional analytical study of 62 newly diagnosed POAG patients compared with 62 age- and sex-matched control subjects in a tertiary eye clinic. Socio-demographic data and ocular examinations were documented. IOP was measured using the Goldmann applanation tonometer. LT and ACD were measured using A-scan ultrasonography and the IOLMaster, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 and level of significance set at p value <0.05.ResultsIn the glaucoma group and control groups, respectively, mean age was 60.3 ± 8.9 and 58.5 ± 8.1 years (p = 0.234), mean IOP was 28.27 ± 7.88 and 14.47 ± 2.60 mmHg (p < 0.001), mean ACD was 3.12 ± 0.27 and 3.15 ± 0.24 mm (p = 0.514), mean LT was 4.24 ± 0.46 and 4.23 ± 0.45 mm (p = 0.903), and mean ACD was shallower in females (p = 0.034) and (p = 0.001). In the glaucoma group, there was a positive correlation between IOP and ACD (r = 0.022, p = 0.864), but a negative correlation between IOP and LT (r = −0.04, p = 0.758) and ACD and LT (r = −0.058, p = 0.657). In the control group, there was a positive correlation between IOP and ACD (r = 0.141, p = 0.275), IOP and LT (r = 0.031, p = 0.811) and ACD and LT (r = 0.016, p = 0.901).ConclusionACD is shallower in females. There is no significant correlation between IOP and ACD or between IOP and LT in POAG as well as normal individuals.

Objectives The study investigated the association between intraocular pressure changes and clinical ocular signs in 51 patients with orbitozygomatic complex fractures. Diplopia, chemosis, enophthalmos, subconjunctival haemorrhage, periorbital ecchymosis and extraocular muscles entrapment were assessed. Study Design Intraocular pressure was measured in mmHg at different time intervals with Perkins and Goldman tonometers; within first 3 days of injury (T1), 24 h post-elevation within 3–14 days of injury (T2), 1 month after initial treatment assessment (T3), 2 months after initial treatment assessment (T4), and 3 months after initial treatment assessment (T5). Intraocular pressure changes between T2/T1 and T3/T1 were analysed as change 1 and change 2, respectively, with paired t test. Significance was set at p  < 0.05. Results Minimum intraocular pressure recorded in the affected eye was 5 mmHg at T1 and T2, while maximum intraocular pressure was 28 mmHg at T1. Mean intraocular pressure at T1 and T2 was 15.90 ± 4.73 mmHg and 16.80 ± 4.43 mmHg, respectively. All eye signs had completely resolved at T3 except enophthalmos, which persisted till T5. Statistical significant relationship exist between orbitozygomatic complex fracture and enophthalmos (T1: p  = 0.04). subconjunctival haemorrhage (T2: p  = 0.003), periorbital ecchymosis (T2: p  = 0.005),and T3: p  = 0.001). Conclusion Chemosis, diplopia, enophthalmos, periorbital ecchymosis and subconjunctival haemorrhage showed positive contributory effect to intraocular pressure elevation in orbitozygomatic complex fracture.

PURPOSE: The study aimed at determining the relationship between refraction and anthropometric measurements and the relationship between the level of education and refractive status in a Nigerian young adult population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy volunteers from the students and staff of a teaching hospital in South-Western Nigeria were studied. Demographic profiles including participants' highest educational status, parental educational level, and the age at first formal school enrollment were documented. The height and weight of the participants were measured. Noncycloplegic objective refraction was determined with autorefractor, and the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of the right eye was used for analysis. SPSS 16 was used to explore the relationships between refraction, height, weight, and body mass index and the educational status of the participants. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-nine adults with a mean age of 28.4 ± 6.5 years comprising 116 males and 123 females were studied. The mean height, weight, body mass index, and right eye SER were 1.7 ± 0.1 m, 64.4 ± 12.2 kg, 23.6 ± 4.3 kg/m2, and −0.8 ± 1.4 D, respectively. Height was negatively correlated with the SER (R = −0.3, P < 0.01) in males but not in females. Refraction was not significantly related to weight or body mass index. Participants with higher levels of education were more likely to be myopic. Higher parental education and early formal school enrollment were significantly associated with myopia. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a significant positive relationship between height and myopia in male participants but not in females. Individual as well as parental higher levels of education have also shown a positive association with myopic tendency.

To determine the level of awareness and practice of use of protective eye devices among welders in Ile-Ife. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of 405 consenting welders. A pretested proforma was utilized to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics, as well as awareness and use of protective eye device. The age of the respondents ranged from 16 to 80 years. The mean age was 39 ± 13 years. A large proportion (315, 78%) of the welders was aged between 21 and 50 years. The youngest group aged ≤ 20 years accounted for 15 (4%) of all welders, while the oldest group aged > 60 years accounted for 21 (5.2%). 402 were males (99.3%) and three were females (0.7%). Three hundred thirty-six (83%) of the welders had practiced for 6 years and above. There was a high level of awareness of protective eye devices among the welders (367, 90.6%), being higher among arc welders compared with gas welders (P < 0.001). Less than half (186, 45.9%) of the welders possessed protective eye devices. Of these, only 39 (9.6%) made use of the devices always. Some of the reasons for not using the protective eye devices include discomfort and poor visibility (56, 13.6%) and inadequate appreciation of the necessity to wear it (49, 12.1%). The findings of this study suggest that a significant proportion of welders in Ile-Ife were not utilizing protective eye device. Health education and awareness campaigns about the importance and benefits of utilizing protective eye devices are recommended.

Medical doctors are potential important source of anatomy teachers. The aim of this study was to determine the choice of anatomy as a career option among medical students in a Nigerian medical school Descriptive survey of second- and third-year medical students using a self-administered questionnaire to asses age, sex, perception of anatomy as a subject, anatomy training experience and choice of anatomy as a career among respondents. Analysis was conducted using the SPSS and statistical significance inferred at P RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty three (85.3% response rate) who completely filled questionnaire were returned and analyzed of which 195 (55.2%) were males and 158(44.8%) were females. Their ages ranged between 18 and 37 years with a mean of 22.4 9.9 years. Although most students agreed that anatomy was an important subject in medical sciences 346 (98%), they had benefited from anatomy training in their clinical classes 320 (90.7%), and the knowledge of anatomy is useful in investigating patients with certain diseases 251 (71.1%), only 22 (6.2%) would choose anatomy as a career. Male students were more likely to choose anatomy as a career (P=0.026). Textbooks were the most common 334 (94.5%), while radiological means were the least 23 (6.5%) method employed in learning anatomy. Anatomy as a subject is perceived positively by clinical medical students, but the choice as a career option is low; attempt at increasing career interest is needful.

To determine the visual outcome of cataract surgery in diabetes mellitus with advanced cataract in a tertiary institution in Nigeria. A retrospective case control study conducted at the University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria. Twenty three consecutive patients with diabetes and 23 age and sex matched non-diabetic control patients who had extracapsular cataract extraction for advanced cataract between 2002-2005. Mean post operative visual acuity and surgical complications. Twenty three patients with diabetes mellitus and 23 non diabetic controls were studied; mean duration of diabetes was 8.1 +/- 7.2 years. The mean post operative visual acuity in diabetics was 0.11+/-0.38, 0.33+/-0.57 and 0.38+/-0.49 at one week, two months and six months compared with 0.23+/-0.19, 0.46+/-0.37 and 0.48+/-0.31 in non diabetics. (p=0.207, 0.403 and 0.465 respectively). Improvement in preoperative visual acuity was noted in 84.2% and 90% in diabetics and non-diabetics respectively. Poor visual outcome in diabetics was mainly due to diabetic retinopathy, maculopathy or diabetes related surgical complications. Visual improvement was seen following surgery for advanced cataract in diabetics in this study population. Post operative monitoring for treatment of diabetic retinopathy may enhance visual outcome.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an anti-metabolite used as an adjunct during the initial stages of a trabeculectomy to prevent excessive post-operative scarring and thus reduce the risk of failure. To assess the effects of intra-operative 5-FU in trabeculectomy in Nigerians. Trabeculectomy with an intra-operative sponge soaked with 5-FU was performed in 49 eyes of 34 patients. The reduction in intra-ocular pressure (IOP), Visual acuity changes and complications were noted. The mean presenting and preoperative IOP was 35.6+/-12.5mmHg and 25.5+/-6.6mmHg respectively. The mean post-operative IOP was 10.0+/- 5.2mmHg on the second post-operative day and 16.5+/7.3mmHg at 3 months. Post-operative complications included ocular hypotony in 4 (25 percent), shallowing of anterior chamber in 3 (18.8 percent), hyphema and cystic bleb in 2 (12.5 percent) each. None had bleb failure. 5 FU appears to reduce the relative risk of failure of trabeculectomy in those undergoing surgery for the first time (relative risk 0.29, 95 percent confidence interval 0.16 to 0.53). The use of 5-FU during trabeculectomy is associated with significant benefit in terms of intraocular pressure lowering beyond 3 months postoperatively. The results of surgery in Nigerian patients compare well with other reported series.

Background : Medical doctors are potential important source of anatomy teachers. The aim of this study was to determine the choice of anatomy as a career option among medical students in a Nigerian medical school Method : Descriptive survey of second- and third-year medical students using a self-administered questionnaire to asses age, sex, perception of anatomy as a subject, anatomy training experience and choice of anatomy as a career among respondents. Analysis was conducted using the SPSS and statistical significance inferred at P< 0.05. Results : Three hundred and fifty three (85.3% response rate) who completely filled questionnaire were returned and analyzed of which 195 (55.2%) were males and 158(44.8%) were females. Their ages ranged between 18 and 37 years with a mean of 22.4 ± 9.9 years. Although most students agreed that anatomy was an important subject in medical sciences 346 (98%), they had benefited from anatomy training in their clinical classes 320 (90.7%), and the knowledge of anatomy is useful in investigating patients with certain diseases 251 (71.1%), only 22 (6.2%) would choose anatomy as a career. Male students were more likely to choose anatomy as a career (P=0.026). Textbooks were the most common 334 (94.5%), while radiological means were the least 23 (6.5%) method employed in learning anatomy. Conclusion : Anatomy as a subject is perceived positively by clinical medical students, but the choice as a career option is low; attempt at increasing career interest is needful.