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The present work is aimed to assess the protective influence of zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles against oxidative stress-associated testicular dysfunction. The number of 50 male albino rats were randomly separated into five groups ( n  = 10): Group I, control: rats gavage distilled water orally; Group II, Levofloxacin: rats that administered Levofloxacin (LFX) softened in distilled water at a dosage of 40 mg/kg −1 BW orally every other day; Group III, Zn-RSV: rats administered with Zn-RSV (zinc oxide resveratrol in distilled water at a dose 20 mg/kg −1 BW orally every other day; Group IV, (LFX + Zn-RSV): rats that were administered with Levofloxacin along with Zn-RSV nPs; Group V, Levofloxacin + Zn: rats were administered with Levofloxacin and Zno at a dose of 20 mg/kg −1 BW orally every other day as mentioned before. This study lasted for 2 months. Sera were collected to assess luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone values. Testicular tissues were utilized to evaluate levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). Semen samples were utilized to measure their quality (motility, concentration, and vitality). Histopathological and immune histochemical techniques investigated the morphological changes in the testis. Rats treated with Levofloxacin showed significantly lower levels of serum LH, testosterone, FSH, testicular enzymatic NO, catalase, SOD, BAX, and BCL-2 immune reactivity and sperm quality but significantly greater testicular malondialdehyde and caspase-3 immuno-reactivity Compared to both control and zinc oxide resveratrol treatment. Zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles ameliorated the harmful side effects of Levofloxacin. Improvements were more pronounced in the co-treatment (LFX + Zn-RSV) Zinc oxide resveratrol group than in the co-treatment (LFX + Zno) Zinc oxide group. Zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles could be a possible solution for levofloxacin oxidative stress-induced fertility problems.

The current study had aimed to assess the long-term dietary supplementation with Melaleucae aetheroleum , tea tree essential oil (TTO). The impact on growth performance, biochemical indices, immune function, oxidant/antioxidant activity, gene expression, histopathology, and resistance against Aeromonas sobria in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) was investigated. Four groups (with five replicates; G1 (control group, G2, G3, and G4) of Nile tilapia received diets enriched with TTO (doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL/kg diet) for 60 days, then fish were challenged by A. sobria . Outcomes indicated an extensive elevation in growth metrics (final body weight, weight gain, SGR, feed intake and fish body protein). Similarly, the total blood protein, albumin, total globulin levels, Serum complement-3 levels, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin M (IgM), nitric oxide, and phagocytic activity were significantly enhanced in all treatments, notably in the 2.0 mL TTO/kg fed groups compared to the control. Lower levels of urea, creatinine, AST, ALP, ALT, cortisol, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and body crude lipids were observed in the fish that were fed a 2.0 mL TTO/kg diet. Supplementing TTO at 2.0-mL /kg diet revealed the best results for elevating CAT, SOD, and GSH activities plus declining MDA value in hepatic homogenate. Additionally, dietary 2.0-mL TTO/kg showed the best outcomes for the intestinal morphometry plus maintaining the histological picture in spleen and liver. Concurrently, fish that were fed a 2.0 mL TTO/kg diet exhibited a substantial upregulation of TNF-α , IL-1β , IL-10 , TFG-β , IFN-γ and BCL-2 genes in the liver, while, caspase-3 , and BAX were downregulated. Furthermore, TTO-enriched diets enhanced the relative percentage survival post- A. sobria challenge plus enhanced the clinical picture in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, the findings revealed that long-term exposure to dietary TTO fortified the physiological performance, oxidant/anti-oxidant stability, immune function, gene expression, histological picture, and resistance of Nile tilapia against A. sobria .

The production of alternative and effective medicines is crucial given that antibiotic resistance is currently a global health concern. Several biochemical identification tests were used to screen for Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Analysis of Artemisia annua extract was performed using a trace GC‒mass spectrometer, which revealed that the A. annua extract contains numerous compounds, such as artemisinins, palmitic acid and other vital essential compounds that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The isolate st.8 was resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and cephalosporins; furthermore, MALDI-TOF/MS Biotyper® identified it as methicillin-resistant S. aureus with confidence value 99.9% of mass spectrum compared with reference spectra. The synthesis of green silver nanoparticles based on A. annua as a reducing agent was confirmed via partial characterizations: (HR-TEM), (XRD), (SEM), (EDX) and (FTIR) analysis. The significant of antibacterial activity of the new green material (AgNPs) was achieved by determining the agar well diffusion assay. Furthermore, compared with those in the Staphylococcus-infected group, a significant decrease in hematological parameters was observed, with an increase in antioxidant biomarkers, a decrease in interstitial tissue thickening by inflammatory cells, and a weak positive immune reaction in a few cells (TNF-α and iNOS) in rats. Overall, this study is a promising step toward the development of new and effective strategies for combating MRSA infections.

Background The present investigation assessed the potential ameliorating effect of zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles against Levofloxacin-induced liver damage in rats. Methods Fifty adult Wistar rats were split up into five groups at random. ( n  = 10). GI, (control): was orally gavaged with distilled water; G II (LFX): was orally given levofloxacin (LFX) (40 mg/kg BW). G III was orally administered zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles (Zn- RSV) (20 mg/kg BW). G IV: was given Zn-RSV as GIII and LFX as GII simultaneously (LFX + Zn-RSV). GV: was given LFX as GII and zinc oxide (20 mg/kg BW) (LFX + Zn). All treatments were given every other day for two months. Results Administration of zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles (Zn-RSV NPs) significantly mitigated levofloxacin (LFX)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Compared to LFX-treated groups through improved liver function via lowered serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, and creatinine levels. Also, reduced oxidative stress markers, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in hepatic tissue and enhanced antioxidant defenses, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, restoring them to near-normal levels. Modulated apoptosis: Downregulated pro-apoptotic BAX expression and upregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, promoting cell survival. Zn-RSV NPs alleviated histopathological changes through mitigated LFX-induced degenerative and necrotic changes in hepatic tissue, preserving tissue architecture. Conclusions This study revealed that zinc oxide resveratrol nanoparticles modulated levofloxacin-induced hepatic damage by lowering inflammation and oxidative stress while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatic tissue.

This study examined the protective effect of earthworm extract (EE) on acrylamide (ACR)-induced reproductive dysfunction. Forty male rats were allocated into four groups (n = 10). The G I (control) group received distilled water (D.W.). The G II group received ACR (5 mg kg−1 B.W. in D.W.) 5 days per week, orally, for 3 weeks. The G III group was administered EE (300 mg kg−1 B.W in D.W.) 5 days per week, orally, for 3 weeks. The G IV group was pretreated with EE for 3 weeks and then co-treated with EE and ACR for an additional 3 weeks. ACR decreased the number of sperm, sperm viability, and total motility. However, it increased testosterone levels with no effect on the FSH or LH levels. Moreover, ACR increased the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO). Meanwhile, it decreased the glutathione (GSH) concentration in testicular tissues. Notably, the expression levels of p53 and Ki-67 were increased in the degenerated spermatogenic cells and in the hyperplastic Leydig cells of the testis of the ACR-treated group, respectively. Acrylamide induced alterations in the testicular tissue architecture. Interestingly, EE restored the sperm parameters and recovered the testicular histological structures and the biochemical alterations induced by ACR. In conclusion, earthworm extract ameliorated ACR-induced reproductive toxicity via restoring the testicular antioxidant balance and suppressing p53 and Ki-67 expressions in testicular tissues.

This study evaluated the impacts of inclusion of Moringa Oleifera leaves extract (MOLE) in semen extender on rams cryopreserved semen quality and fertilization potential. Forty ejaculates were collected from eight fertile Barki rams, pooled and divided into five groups. The semen extender of the control group was without additives. The semen extender of the second and third groups was supplemented with MOLE at doses of 300 and 600 µg/mL, respectively. The semen extender of the fourth and fifth groups was supplemented with a combination of vitamin E and selenium at doses of 2.5 and 5 µg/mL, respectively. One hundred ten multiparous Barki ewes were artificially inseminated with the semen supplemented without or with MOLE or vitamin E and selenium combination. Inclusion of MOLE in semen extender significantly elevated the motility, viability index, membrane integrity and fertilization capacity of the post-thawed spermatozoa, as well as the activities of semen catalase, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. However, it significantly decreased acrosomal defects and DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa, the activities of semen alkaline and acid phosphatase and the concentration of malondialdehyde compared with the other groups. Similarly, vitamin E and selenium significantly improved the above-mentioned parameters compared to those of the control group. This study indicated that inclusion of MOLE to semen extender improved the quality and fertility of the post-thawed rams' semen through enhancing the activities of the antioxidant enzyme system and decreasing the spermatozoa DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation. Highlights Moringa Oleifera leaves extract (MOLE) protected spermatozoa against cryopreservation induced oxidative stress. MOLE enhanced cryopreserved semen quality. MOLE enhanced post-thawed spermatozoa fertilization capacity.

The current study is a pioneer trial to verify the effectiveness of Petroselinum crispum (parsley) nanoparticles (PNPs) for fortifying physiological and biochemical biomarkers in female African catfish postexposure to bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity. The aim of this experiment is to verify the influence of PNPs for mitigating serum hemato‐biochemical alterations as well as antioxidant enzyme, and hormonal changes induced by BPA toxicity in the hepatic and ovarian tissues. Fish were equally allocated into four groups: group I as a control without any treatments, group II received a commercial diet + PNPs (4 g/kg diet). In group III, fish were subjected to 1/10 LC50 (BPA) (1.43 µg/L), while in group IV, fish got 1/10 LC50 BPA (1.43 µg/L) + PNPs (4 g/kg diet) for 60 consecutive days. Exposure to BPA showed macrocytic hypochromic anemia and leukopenia, and a noticeable elevation in glucose, alanine amino‐transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALP, urea, creatinine, cortisol, cholesterol, and testosterone (T) hormone. Furthermore, serum AchE, estradiol (E2), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), globulin, albumin, and total proteins were significantly decreased in a BPA‐exposed group. Alternatively, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and catalase (CAT) were notably augmented in the hepatic tissue and ovaries of the BPA‐supplemented fish. While total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels decreased in the equal tissues of exposed fish. PNPs‐supplemented diets in combination with BPA alleviated its destructive effects on the tested parameters. In conclusion, the results proved that BPA is an endocrine hormonal disruptor that induces imbalances in blood profile, hepato–renal indicators, and stress parameters, besides the occurrence of oxidative damage and reproductive dysfunction. Interestingly, PNPs have a protective role in attenuating BPA toxicity and modulating all the measured biomarkers, as well as improving the fertility of female Clarias gariepinus .

The current study aimed to investigate the protective effect of corn silk methanolic extract (CSME) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study was carried out on 40 male Wistar albino rats, which were randomly divided into four groups ( n  = 10): control group, orally administered with a single dose of 1.8 ml 0.9% normal saline at the last day of the experiment; CSME group, orally received CSME (400 mg/kg BW daily for 5 weeks); APAP group, orally administered with a single dose of APAP (2 g/kg BW); and CSME and APAP group, orally administered with CSME, followed by a single oral dose of APAP. The results of this study revealed that APAP caused a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine concentrations, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in renal tissues. In addition, APAP caused a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in renal tissues compared with the control group. Furthermore, APAP caused marked renal damage as revealed by alterations in histopathological architectures of kidney tissues. APAP resulted in a marked expression of caspase 3 and nuclear factor κB (NFĸβ) within the renal tubules, while caused marked decrease of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ 1) expression within the epithelial lining of the renal tubules. However, pre-treatment with CSME returned all biochemical parameters, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemical parameters toward normal levels as the control group. In conclusion, oral administration of CSME protected rats against APAP renal toxicity through its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory protective mechanisms.

Currently, deacetylated chitin (chitosan) nanoparticles (CNPs) are successfully utilized in aquaculture practices. This trial demonstrates the efficacy of CNPs in combating diazinon (DZN) toxicity in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus , via monitoring hepato-renal function, serum immune trait, hormonal function, and hepato-renal antioxidant activity. Four groups were allocated as follows: a control group, a CNPs group (0.66 ml/L CNPs), a DZN exposed group (0.598 ppm, 1/10 LC50), and a DZN + CNPs group (0.598 ppm DZN + 0.66 ml/L CNPs), all for 30 days. Exposure to 0.598 PPm DZN resulted in a severe decline in the immune parameters (albumin, globulin, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM), and total proteins), neurological indicator, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), reproductive hormones (Testosterone (T.) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)), and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) readings in both hepatic and renal samples. Moreover, a clear increment in hepatic and renal indicators (AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and some reproductive indices including follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and serum 17-β estradiol (E2) was clearly increased. Interestingly, the dietary inclusion of CNPs markedly palliated the toxicity by DZN with significant improvement in the immune-reproductive indices, plus normalizing the values of hepato-renal function and augmenting the activity of antioxidant parameters . Thus, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of CNPs in mitigating low-dose DZN toxicity, resulting in significant improvements in physiological, biochemical, and reproductive parameters. This highlights the promising potential of CNPs as a viable strategy for enhancing the health of C. gariepinus , thereby promoting the sustainability of the aquaculture industry and safeguarding human health.