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Introduction Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most commonly performed operations in general surgery. A total of 130.000 inguinal hernia repairs are performed yearly in Italy, and approximately 20 million inguinal hernias are treated worldwide annually. This report represents the trend analysis in inguinal hernia repair in Italy from a nationwide dataset for the 6-year period from 2015 to 2020. Materials and methods Based on regional hospital discharge records, all the inguinal hernia repairs performed in public and private hospitals in Italy between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed based on diagnosis and procedure codes. For the aim of this study, data from the AgeNas (The National Agency for Regional Health Services) data source were analyzed. Results Elective inguinal hernia repairs outnumbered urgent operations over the 6-year study period, ranging from 122,737 operations in 2015 to 65,780 in 2020 as absolute numbers, and from 87.96 to 83.3% of total procedures in 2019 and 2020 respectively, with an annual change ranging from − 66.58%, between 2020 and 2019, to − 2.49%, between 2019 and 2018 (mean = − 18.74%; CI =− 46.7%–9.22%; p < 0.0001). Conclusions This large-scale review of groin hernia data from a nationwide Italian dataset provides a unique opportunity to obtain a snapshot of open groin hernia repair activity. More specifically, there is a trend to perform more elective than urgent procedures and there is a steady decrease in the amount of open hernia repairs in favor to laparoscopy.

BackgroundThe success of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for early rectal cancer depends on proper indications and strict patient selection. When unfavorable pathologic features are identified after TEM operation, total mesorectal excision is recommended to minimize the risk of recurrence. In this study, data were collected in a retrospective series of patients to determine the results of laparoscopic reoperation after TEM.MethodsAll patients underwent an accurate rectal-digital examination and clinical tumor staging by transanal endosonography, CT, and/or MRI. The histologic examination included an evaluation of the free margins, depth of tumor infiltration according to International Union Against Cancer guidelines, degree of tumor differentiation, and the presence of lymphovascular and perineural invasion. When a high-risk tumor was identified, reoperation was performed within 6 weeks from TEM. The patients were divided into two groups according to the procedure performed: laparoscopic anterior resection (LAR) or laparoscopic abdominal perineal amputation (LAPR).ResultsSixty-eight patients (5.3%) underwent reoperation: 38 underwent LAR and 30 underwent LAPR. The mean operative time was 148.24 min (± 35.8, p = 0.62). Meanwhile, the mean distance of the TEM scar from the anal verge differed statistically between the two groups (p = 0.003) and was statistically correlated with abdominal perineal amputation (p = 0.0001) in multivariate analysis. Conversion to open surgery was required in 6 patients (15.7%) in the LAR group and 3 patients (10%) in the LAPR group (p = 0.38). The histologic examination revealed residual cancer cells in 3 cases (3 pT2N0) and 1 case (1 pT3N0), respectively, and lymph node metastases in 4 cases. No residual neoplasms were detected in the remaining 60 cases (88.3%). After a mean follow-up of 108 months, the overall disease-free survival was 98% (95% CI 88–99%).ConclusionsIn our experience, reoperation after TEM using a laparoscopic approach is feasible and safe, with low conversion rates and optimal postoperative results.

Purpose Minimally invasive approach for acute incarcerated groin hernia repair is still debated. To clarify this debate, a literature review was performed. Methods Search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases, founding 28,183 articles. Results Fifteen articles, and 433 patients were included (16 bilateral hernia, range 3–8). Three hundred and eighty-eight (75.3%) and 103 patients (22.9%) underwent transabdominal preperitoneal and totally extraperitoneal repair, respectively, and in 5 patients, the defect was buttressed with broad ligament (1.1%) (not specified in 3 patients). Herniated structures were resected in 48 cases (range 1–9). Intraoperative complications and conversion occurred in 4 (range 0–1) and 10 (range 0–3) patients, respectively. Mean operative time and hospital stay ranged between 50 and 147 min, and 2 and 7 days, respectively. Postoperative complications ranged between 1 and 19. Five studies compared laparoscopic and open approaches (163 and 235 patients). Herniated structures were resected in 19 (11.7%) and 42 cases (17.9%) for laparoscopic and open approach, respectively ( p  = 0.1191). Intraoperative complications and conversion occurred in one (0.6%) and 5 (2.1%) patients ( p  = 0.4077), and in two (1.2%) and 19 (8.1%) patients ( p  = 0.0023), in case of laparoscopic or open approach, respectively. Mean operative time and hospital stay were 94.4 ± 40.2 and 102.8 ± 43.7 min, and 4.8 ± 2.2 and 11 ± 3.1 days, in laparoscopic or open approach, respectively. Sixteen (9.8%) and 57 (24.3%) postoperative complications occurred. Conclusion Laparoscopy seems to be a safe and feasible approach for the treatment of acute incarcerated groin hernia. Further studies are required for definitive conclusions.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3D visualization applied to laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) performed by young surgeons (YS). We considered both operative features and clinical outcomes, aiming to highlight the benefits that this technology could bring to novice surgeons and their laparoscopic training.MethodsAll the surgical procedures were performed by residents who had performed less than 20 appendectomies prior to the beginning of the study under the supervision of an expert surgeon. At the time of enrolment patients were randomized into two arms: Experimental arm (EA): laparoscopic appendectomy performed with laparoscopic 3D vision technology. Control arm (CA): laparoscopic appendectomy performed with the \"standard\" 2D technology. The primary endpoint was to find any statistically significant difference in operative time between the two arms. Differences in conversion rate, intra-operative complications, post-operative complications and surgeons’ operative comfort were considered as secondary endpoints.ResultsWe randomized 135 patients into the two study arms. The two groups were homogeneous for demographic characteristics, BMI and ASA scores. The characteristics of clinical presentation and anatomical position showed no significant difference. The operative time was longer in the CA (57.5 vs. 49.6 min, p = 0.048, 95% CI). In the subgroup of complicated appendicitis, this trend toward inferior operative time was confirmed without reaching statistical significance (2D = 60 min, 3D = 49.5 min, p = 0.082 95% CI).No intra-operative complications were observed in either group. The conversion rate was 5.6% (4 patients) in the 2D group and 4.6% (3 patients) in 3D group.ConclusionThe utilization of 3D laparoscopy was associated with reduction in operative time without influencing other parameters, in particular without altering the safety profile of the procedure.

Purpose Minimally invasive surgery is the gold standard treatment for adrenal masses, but it may be a challenging procedure in the case of pheochromocytoma (PHEO). The aim of the present study is to report the results of transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (TLA) in cases of PHEO in comparison to other types of adrenal lesions. Methods From 1994 to 2021, 629 patients underwent adrenalectomy. Twenty-two and thirty-five patients, respectively, were excluded because they underwent bilateral and open adrenalectomy, leaving 572 patients for inclusion. Of these, 114 patients had PHEO (Group A), and 458 had other types of lesions (Group B). To adjust for potential baseline confounders, a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was conducted. Results After PSM, 114 matched pairs of patients were identified from each group. Statistically significant differences were not observed when comparing the median operative time (85 and 90 min in Groups A and B, respectively, p  = 0.627), conversion rate [6 (5.3%) in each group, p  = 1.000], transfusion rate [4 (3.5%) and 3 (2.6%) in Groups A and B, respectively, p  = 1.000], complication rate [7 (6.1%) and 9 (7.9%) in Groups A and B, respectively, p  = 0.796), median postoperative hospital stay (3.9 and 3.6 days in Groups A and B, respectively, p  = 0.110), and mortality rate [1 (0.9%) in each group, p  = 1.000]. Conclusions Based on this analysis, the results of TLA for PHEO are equivalent to those of TLA for other types of adrenal lesions, but the fundamental requirements are multidisciplinary patient management and adequate surgeon experience. Further prospective studies are required to draw definitive conclusions.

BackgroundColon cancer is a disease with a worldwide spread. Surgery is the best option for the treatment of advanced colon cancer, but some aspects are still debated, such as the extent of lymphadenectomy. In Japanese guidelines, the gold standard was D3 dissection to remove the central lymph nodes (203, 213, and 223), but in 2009, Hoenberger et al. introduced the concept of complete mesocolic excision, in which surgical dissection follows the embryological planes to remove the mesentery entirely to prevent leakage of cancer cells and collect more lymph nodes. Our study describes how lymphadenectomy is currently performed in major Italian centers with an unclear indication on the type of lymphadenectomy that should be performed during right hemicolectomy (RH).MethodsCoDIG 2 is an observational multicenter national study that involves 76 Italian general surgery wards highly specialized in colorectal surgery. Each center was asked not to modify their usual surgical and clinical practices. The aim of the study was to assess the preference of Italian surgeons on the type of lymphadenectomy to perform during RH and the rise of any new trends or modifications in habits compared to the findings of the CoDIG 1 study conducted 4 years ago.ResultsA total of 788 patients were enrolled. The most commonly used surgical technique was laparoscopic (82.1%) with intracorporeal (73.4%), side-to-side (98.7%), or isoperistaltic (96.0%) anastomosis. The lymph nodes at the origin of the vessels were harvested in an inferior number of cases (203, 213, and 223: 42.4%, 31.1%, and 20.3%, respectively). A comparison between CoDIG 1 and CoDIG 2 showed a stable trend in surgical techniques and complications, with an increase in the robotic approach (7.7% vs. 12.3%).ConclusionsThis analysis shows how lymphadenectomy is performed in Italy to achieve oncological outcomes in RH, although the technique to achieve a higher lymph node count has not yet been standardized.Trial registration (ClinicalTrials.gov) ID: NCT05943951.

Although researchers are committed to Indigenous data sovereignty in principle, they fall short in returning data and results to communities in which or with whom they conduct their research. This results in a misalignment in benefits of research toward researchers and settler institutions and away from Indigenous communities. To explore this, we conducted a case study analyzing the rate researchers returned data to Nunatsiavut, an autonomous area claimed by Inuit of Labrador, Canada. We assessed the data return rate for all research approved by the Nunatsiavut Government Research Advisory Committee between 2011 and 2021. In two-thirds of projects, researchers did not return the data they had collected. Based on our results and their contextualization with researchers and Nunatsiavut Research Centre staff members, we compiled recommendations for researchers, academia, government bodies, funding bodies, and Indigenous research governance boards. These recommendations aim to facilitate data return, thus putting data sovereignty into practice.

In functional polymers with tunable hydrophilic behaviour like sulfonated polyarylethersulfone (SPES) high ionic conductance can be obtained directly by increasing the concentration of sulfonic moieties along the macromolecular chain. This, however, often comes to the cost of excessive water sorption, which can lead to membrane rupture and consequent device failure. To overcome this drawback, and to reconcile high hydrophilicity with the high mechanical properties of aromatic polymers, we propose the use of SPES copolymers with a low degree of branching. A series of branched SPES was synthesized using homogeneous (one-pot) copolymerization by replacing an amount up to 0.9% mol of the difunctional monomer 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl with the trifunctional 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (THB). The polymers were characterized by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity, water sorption measurements, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Like linear SPES, branched SPES is totally amorphous and soluble in polar aprotic solvents, lending itself to easy fabrication of membranes and coatings. Besides reducing the water sorption and in-plane swelling of SPES membranes upon equilibration in liquid, branching also improves the retention of water in swollen membranes.

Background: Nowadays, thanks to the introduction of the VI-RADS scoring system, mpMRI has shown promising results in pre-TURBT assessment of muscular invasiveness of BCa, even if its application in everyday practice is still limited. This might be due to a lack in the literature about the learning curve of radiologists and about the characteristics of the exam. With the aim to reduce scan time and patient discomfort while maintaining diagnostic accuracy, bpMRI has been introduced as a possible alternative to mpMRI in this group of patients. This study reports a single-center experience using mpMRI and the VI-RADS scoring system to differentiate NMIBC from MIBC. The primary aim of the study is to assess diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI using the VI-RADS scoring system. The secondary aim is to evaluate the learning curve of an experienced mpMRI radiologist. Additionally, we perform a retrospective assessment of the same group of patients evaluating only DWIs and T2-weighted images, as they underwent bpMRI, to compare the performance of mpMRI and bpMRI. Materials and Methods: From 11/2021 to 11/2023, patients with suspected newly diagnosed BCa were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients underwent mpMRI prior to TURBT in a highly specialized radiology center for MRI. According to VI-RADS, a cutoff of ≥3 was assumed to define MIBC. Histological TURBT reports were compared with preoperative VI-RADS scores to assess the accuracy of mpMRI in discriminating between NMIBC and MIBC. Furthermore, to assess the learning curve of the reading radiologist we analyzed the rate of patients correctly classified as MIBC at MRI. Finally, we evaluated the performance of a hypothetic biparametric MRI in classifying our cohort according to VI-RADS score and compared it with mpMRI performance by using DeLong’s test. Data analysis was performed using Jamovi software v.2.3 and R software v.4.2.1. Results: A total of 133 patients were enrolled. mpMRI showed sensitivity and specificity of 86% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64–97) and 95% (95% CI: 89–98), respectively. The learning curve analysis of the reading radiologist showed that the rate of patients correctly classified as MIBC rapidly increases reaching its plateau after 40 cases. The hypothetic bpMRI showed a sensitivity of 76% (95% CI: 53–92) and a specificity of 93% (95% CI: 86–97), with no significant difference with mpMRI performance (p = 0.10). Conclusions: Our study confirms the effectiveness of MRI, particularly with the VI-RADS scoring system, in differentiating NMIBC from MIBC. The learning curve analysis underscores the importance of radiologist training in optimizing diagnostic accuracy. Future research should focus on enhancing the sensitivity of bpMRI and further validating these findings in larger and multicentric studies.

Calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) with antibacterial properties are demanded for clinical applications. In this study, we demonstrated the use of a relatively simple processing route based on preparation of silver-doped CPCs (CPCs-Ag) through the preparation of solid dispersed active powder phase. Real-time monitoring of structural transformations and kinetics of several CPCs-Ag formulations (Ag = 0 wt %, 0.6 wt % and 1.0 wt %) was performed by the Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction technique. The partial conversion of β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) phase into the dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) took place in all the investigated cement systems. In the pristine cement powders, Ag in its metallic form was found, whereas for CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt % cements, CaAg(PO3)3 was detected and Ag (met.) was no longer present. The CPC-Ag 0 wt % cement exhibited a compressive strength of 6.5 ± 1.0 MPa, whereas for the doped cements (CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt %) the reduced values of the compressive strength 4.0 ± 1.0 and 1.5 ± 1.0 MPa, respectively, were detected. Silver-ion release from CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt % cements, measured by the Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, corresponds to the average values of 25 µg/L and 43 µg/L, respectively, rising a plateau after 15 days. The results of the antibacterial test proved the inhibitory effect towards pathogenic Escherichia coli for both CPC-Ag 0.6 wt % and CPC-Ag 1.0 wt % cements, better performances being observed for the cement with a higher Ag-content.