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In Mexico, the illegal use of wildlife includes any activity related to wildlife that does not comply with current regulations. Seizure is an administrative sanction imposed by the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (PROFEPA) as a result of non-compliance with established regulations. There is a lack of official and accessible data on the number and species used and traded illegally in the country. This study aims to identify the species and the number of live wild animals seized by PROFEPA from 2012 to 2023, based on data requested by the National Institute for Transparency, Access to Information, and Personal Data Protection (INAI). During this period, a total of 17,662 live individuals belonging to 579 identified species were seized by PROFEPA. The taxonomic groups seized included mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, arachnids, and other invertebrates. Birds were the group with the highest number of species seized. The 32 states in the country have records of seizure. A total of 60.3% of the species native to Mexico are included in some category of national risk. Over a nine-year period, animal seizures decreased by 97%. A total of 25 different domestic destinations were reported for the animals after seizure. The number of wildlife seized does not accurately reflect the total number of animals used and trafficked illegally. The use and illegal trade of wildlife in Mexico represents a highly relevant issue that demands strengthening the actions taken so far to eradicate it.

This paper discusses the potential of an international agreement to ensure equitable vaccine distribution, addressing the failures witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVAX was unable to prevent vaccine monopolization and unequal distribution, which led to significant disparities in vaccination rates and avoidable deaths. Any future agreement on equitable vaccine distribution must address ethical and practical issues to ensure global health equity and access. The proposed agreement should recognize healthcare as a human right and consider vaccines beyond mere commodities, emphasizing the social responsibility of pharmaceutical companies to prioritize affordability, availability, and accessibility, particularly for low-income countries (LICs). Voluntary licensing agreements are suggested as a means to enhance access to essential medicines. The paper also outlines the necessity of international cooperation, with robust compliance mechanisms, to effectively enforce such an agreement and mitigate future health crises.

This article explores the relationship between zoonotic outbreaks and the interconnected nature of globalization through the lens of the One Health framework. It argues that global ecological changes driven by climate changes, deforestation, intensified agriculture, wildlife trade, and urban expansion have significantly elevated the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. It emphasizes how globalization has intensified some of the factors that contribute to the emergence of zoonotic outbreaks, and has also facilitated the spread of infectious diseases. Drawing on recent examples, such as the emergence of H1N1, COVID-19 and Nipah virus outbreaks, the article emphasizes the need for robust, interdisciplinary collaboration among human, animal, and environmental health sectors. The article advocates for a comprehensive global strategy rooted in the One Health approach to mitigate future zoonotic threats. It argues that this approach is based on an ethical principle of solidarity, which refers to the enacted commitment to support others based on the recognition of shared vulnerabilities or similarities. This principle is essential for collective responses to global challenges like zoonotic diseases. The One Health approach requires reinvesting in multilateral governance, enhancing wildlife and livestock surveillance, and addressing socio-environmental drivers of disease emergence, thereby promoting planetary health and global biosecurity. However, it also highlights the vulnerabilities created by nationalistic and populist policies, based on a distrust of multilateral organizations and international cooperation, and that have underfunded global health institutions, particularly affecting low-resource regions where early detection systems are lacking.

Benjamin J.B. Lipscomb, The Women Are up to Something. How Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Mary Midgley, and Iris Murdoch Revolutionized Ethics, Oxford University Press, New York, 2022, 326pp., ISBN 978–0–19–754107–4.

Bioethics should pay more attention to globalization and some of its consequences than it has done so far. The COVID-19 pandemic would not have been possible without globalization, which has also increased some of its negative consequences. Globalization has intensified wildlife trade in the world. One of the main hypotheses about the origin of this pandemic is that it originated in illegal forms of wildlife trade in China. In the last 30 or 40 years, there have been zoonotic outbreaks at a much frequent pace than before, many of those have been related to wildlife trade. Legal and illegal wildlife trade has grown in the shadow of globalization. Second, globalization has had a huge impact on the redistribution of wealth in the world. Since 1990 income inequality has increased in most high- and in many middle- and low-income countries. A country's level of pre-COVID income inequality is the best predictor of the COVID death rate. These two issues are not unrelated. People living in poverty in LMIC tend to suffer more from infectious diseases and tend to be marginalized from the health sector. Additionally, poverty tends to reproduce the conditions under which zoonotic diseases can more easily spread.

This paper discusses the potential of an international agreement to ensure equitable vaccine distribution, addressing the failures witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVAX was unable to prevent vaccine monopolization and unequal distribution, which led to significant disparities in vaccination rates and avoidable deaths. Any future agreement on equitable vaccine distribution must address ethical and practical issues to ensure global health equity and access. The proposed agreement should recognize healthcare as a human right and consider vaccines beyond mere commodities, emphasizing the social responsibility of pharmaceutical companies to prioritize affordability, availability, and accessibility, particularly for low-income countries (LICs). Voluntary licensing agreements are suggested as a means to enhance access to essential medicines. The paper also outlines the necessity of international cooperation, with robust compliance mechanisms, to effectively enforce such an agreement and mitigate future health crises.

This paper discusses the potential of an international agreement to ensure equitable vaccine distribution, addressing the failures witnessed during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVAX was unable to prevent vaccine monopolization and unequal distribution, which led to significant disparities in vaccination rates and avoidable deaths. Any future agreement on equitable vaccine distribution must address ethical and practical issues to ensure global health equity and access. The proposed agreement should recognize healthcare as a human right and consider vaccines beyond mere commodities, emphasizing the social responsibility of pharmaceutical companies to prioritize affordability, availability, and accessibility, particularly for low-income countries (LICs). Voluntary licensing agreements are suggested as a means to enhance access to essential medicines. The paper also outlines the necessity of international cooperation, with robust compliance mechanisms, to effectively enforce such an agreement and mitigate future health crises. Keywords: COVAX, Vaccine Agreement, Equitable Vaccine Distribution, Pharmaceutical Companies, Voluntary Licensing Agreements, Pandemic Preparedness

Since 2007, when Mexico City decriminalized abortion during the first trimester, a debate has been taking place regarding abortion and the right to conscientious objection (CO). Many people argue that, since the provision of abortions (or \"legal terminations of pregnancy\" as they are called under Mexico City's law) is now a statutory duty of healthcare personnel there can be no place for \"conscientious objection.\" Others claim that, even if such an objection were to be allowed, it should not be seen as a right, since talk about a right to CO may lead to a slippery slope where we may end up recognizing a right to disobey the law. In this paper, I argue that there is a right to CO and that this may be justified through the notions of autonomy and integrity, which a liberal democracy should respect. However, it cannot be an absolute right, and in the case of abortion, it conflicts with women's reproductive rights. Therefore, CO should be carefully regulated so that it does not obstruct the exercise of women's reproductive rights. Regulation should address questions about who is entitled to object, how such objection should take place, and what can legitimately be objected to.

Denis Dutton, El instinto del arte. Belleza, placer y evolución humana, trad. Carme Font Paz, Paidós, Barcelona, 2010

Este artículo se cuestiona si la bioética normativa puede ser una ciencia. El artículo se propone abordar las condiciones de posibilidad para que la bioética sea considerada una ciencia, sin responder directamente la pregunta. El artículo se centra en dos condiciones que típicamente asociamos a nuestro concepto común de ciencia: verdad y conocimiento, por un lado, y naturalización, por el otro. La bioética tendría que ser capaz de darnos verdades morales y, por lo tanto, conocimiento moral para que pudiéramos hablar de ella como una ciencia. Por otro lado, el carácter normativo de la bioética motiva la pregunta de si es posible naturalizarla y hacerla compatible con una perspectiva científica. El artículo argumenta que para que la bioética normativa pudiera considerarse una ciencia, debería tomarse una postura cognoscitivista y naturalista en ética.