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Modern Fisheries Engineering: Realizing a Healthy and Sustainable Marine Ecosystem is a compendium of the latest and most cutting-edge information on the diversity of technical aspects associated with Fisheries Engineering. Expanding on presentations given at the International Conference on Fisheries Engineering (ICFE) held in Nagasaki in 2019, it aims to encourage and inspire future generations of young researchers in the field. Topics include artificial reefs, ocean ranching, fishing gear developments, modern monitoring technologies, and other subjects related to the latest practices for conducting efficient, sustainable fishing. This volume brings together world authorities to address a critically important topic, with a fresh and modern approach that includes the latest development in environmental and fisheries science.

SMTP (the name SMTP is derived from Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol) is a family of triprenyl phenol secondary metabolites from a black mold, Stachybotrys microspora. Some SMTP congeners exhibit anti-inflammatory and profibrinolytic activities that, in combination, contribute to the treatment of ischemic stroke. The final step in the SMTP biosynthesis is a non-enzymatic amine conjugation with an o-phthalaldehyde moiety of the precursor pre-SMTP, which can form adducts with proteins and nucleic acids. Thus, pre-SMTP formation should be a precisely regulated, rate-limiting step in the SMTP biosynthesis. To address the mechanism backing this regulation, we purified a metabolite that rapidly disappeared following amine feeding, identifying a novel compound, pri-SMTP. Furthermore, an enzyme, designated as pri-SMTP oxidase, responsible for pri-SMTP conversion to pre-SMTP, was purified. The formation of pri-SMTP, which is regulated by nitrogen and carbon nutrients, occurred in particular septate mycelia. Although pri-SMTP oxidase was expressed constitutively, the consumption of pri-SMTP was accelerated only when a primary amine was fed. Thus, SMTP biosynthesis is regulated by at least three mechanisms: (i) pri-SMTP formation affected by nutrients, (ii) the compartmentalization of pri-SMTP formation/storage, and (iii) amine-regulated pri-SMTP oxidation. Amine-regulated SMTP formation (i.e., amine-capturing with pre-SMTP) may play a role in the nitrogen acquisition/assimilation strategy in S. microspora, since pri-SMTP synthesis occurs on non-preferred nitrogen.

The earliest reports of artificial reefs in Japan occurred in the 1600s. As reported in an early document, Japanese artificial reefs were used to enhance fishing. For this reason, the early artificial reefs in Japan can be said to have been used as auxiliary fishing gear. This is closely related to the fact that Japanese people have long viewed the sea as an essential site for their sustenance. History indicates that using the sea as a place of leisure began only after 1945. In Japan, marine leisure activities have been around since 1960. These activities are broad and include surfing and yachting, largely derived from overseas, especially the United States. In Japan, the main national industry based on the sea is fisheries, followed by transportation and some natural resource development. Thus, the enhancement of fishing grounds through the deployment of artificial reefs has been actively conducted in Japan. In promotion of this activity, the compilation and dissemination of coastal fishing ground facility design guidelines and artificial reef fishing ground development plan guidelines have contributed greatly. In addition, there is a training program for engineers to promote ­adherence to these guidelines. Artificial reef deployments are supported by the excellent technical staff of the Japan Fisheries Agency, which also conducts evaluations of the performance of reefs for the Japanese fisheries administration. In terms of engineering, it is necessary that the objectives for the reef deployment be quantifiable. This is especially important as, legally, it must be determined if the objectives (in terms of the creation of a fishing ground) have been met. The Basic Law for Fisheries provides important oversight for the fishing industry. Moreover, the Japan Fisheries Agency specifies that each artificial reef deployment must be guided by a basic plan. It is necessary to have a basic objective when the creation of a fishing ground is proposed, and it is always important to determine what actual tasks need to be accomplished to achieve the objectives for creating the fishing ground. This chapter introduces design guidelines based on previous efforts, shows the basic concept of fishing ground construction, and indicates the direction to be taken in the future. In the future, economic engineering ideas derived from the management perspective of fishermen will help determine the usefulness of this technology in fishery management. The earliest reports of artificial reefs in Japan occurred in the 1600s. As reported in an early document, Japanese artificial reefs were used to enhance fishing. This chapter introduces design guidelines based on previous efforts, shows the basic concept of fishing ground construction, and indicates the direction to be taken in the future. It proposes while demonstrating the basic concept of applying artificial reefs for Japanese fishing grounds construction, a sound management strategy by reviewing the management of aquaculture at a small scale from an engineering perspective. In the future, economic engineering ideas derived from the management perspective of fishermen will help determine the usefulness of this technology in fishery management. The environmental conditions used are seabed composition, such as bottom sediment, water depth, topographic gradient, and number of fishing reefs. In Japan, the creation of fishing grounds as a public work project stagnated despite local demand. Meanwhile, the demand for seaweed development projects and shallow sea fishing grounds increased.

Based upon papers presented at the Ninth Conference on Artificial Reefs and Artificial Habitats (CARAH), this reference offers a timely compilation of information to increase management options for fishery and natural resource managers. Highlighting the role of artificial reefs in fisheries management, the book discusses theoretical concepts as well as practical, worldwide applications of the use of these artificial reefs. It also provides guidance for implementing more effective fisheries management programs in the future to stem the tide of declines in fishery stocks.

This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book argues that trends in artificial reef research would continue with an emphasis on gleaning a better understanding of settlement mechanisms, fishery production, and environmental impacts of human activities. It takes a critical, long-view approach to long-term solutions toward improving fisheries by suggesting large-scale artificial reef deployments to create extensive fishing grounds. The book offers an excellent example of how future evaluations of fisheries data may take place. It introduces the countermeasure technologies that are being promoted in Japan. The book proposes that creating new habitats (e.g., similar to the habitat creation in artificial reef deployment) can take place in a sensible manner and with consideration given to fishermen. It shows that Fisheries Engineering can make considerable contributions to the future direction of energy savings and, indirectly, help improve the environment.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book offers an introduction and reviews of the field of Fisheries Engineering from the perspective of the current research topics. It examines the innovation that has occurred with the more widespread use of innovative materials and evaluation methods in artificial reef research. The book also offers an examination of past, present, and potential future use of artificial reefs in France to improve biodiversity and facilitate fisheries management. It also examines advances in artificial reef technology implementation through several innovative implementations to help sustain fisheries. The book focuses on the attraction features of artificial reefs through the development of new materials and designs recently implemented by artisanal fishers. It considers the habitat creation that occurs when structures are deployed to develop renewable energy. The book presents an overview of practical and likely future avenues for investigations in Fisheries Engineering.

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is an excellent electrode material for electrochemical sensors and both high sp 3 /sp 2 carbon component ratios and high boron concentrations are significant factors for specific applications. Hot-filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD), which is a conventional technique for synthesising large and uniform BDD electrodes for industrial applications, presents challenges when synthesising films with the above characteristics. In this study, we demonstrate the stable long-term synthesis of heavily boron-doped polycrystalline diamond with a high sp 3 /sp 2 ratio by adding CO 2 gas and adjusting the H 2 /CH 4 /B(CH 3 ) 3 /CO 2 gas ratio during HFCVD. Adding an appropriate amount of CO 2 gas not only reduces the sp 2 carbon component but also improves crystallinity and increases growth rate while maintaining metallic conductivity despite a moderate decrease in boron concentration. Electrochemical measurements reveal that our BDD electrodes exhibit excellent characteristics comparable to those of high-standard BDD electrodes synthesised using microwave plasma-assisted CVD.

Outpatient medical facilities tend to have high antimicrobial prescription rates and are therefore major targets for antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). Pediatric primary emergency medical centers in Japan have difficulties in implementing conventional ASPs due to the low continuity of stewardship. Accordingly, there is a need to develop effective ASP models for these facilities. We conducted a single-center, quasi-experimental study to evaluate the effects of a nudge-based ASP in reducing unnecessary third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) prescriptions in a pediatric primary emergency care center (PEC). The implemented ASP utilizes monthly newsletters that report current antimicrobial use patterns and prescribing targets. We compared the monthly 3GC prescription numbers and proportions of unnecessary prescriptions before and after the ASP was implemented. The trends in 3GC prescriptions were examined using an interrupted time-series analysis. The numbers of patients before and after ASP implementation were 129,156 and 28,834, respectively. The number of unnecessary 3GC prescriptions decreased by 67.2% in the year after ASP implementation. The interrupted time-series analysis showed that the ASP was significantly associated with a reduction in 3GC prescriptions (regression coefficient − 0.58, P < 0.001).Conclusion: The nudge-based ASP was effective in reducing 3GC use in a Japanese PEC. This simple and inexpensive approach may have applications in other outpatient facilities.What is Known:• Outpatient medical facilities tend to have high antimicrobial prescription rates. Despite the development of several strategies for outpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs, these approaches have not sufficiently reduced antimicrobial use.What is New• Our nudge-based antimicrobial stewardship program using newsletters was shown to be a simple, inexpensive, and feasible method for reducing unnecessary antimicrobial use in a pediatric primary emergency care center. This may represent an effective antimicrobial stewardship strategy in Japanese outpatient facilities.

The adhesion of composite resin to caries-affected dentin differs from the adhesion of resin to sound dentin. We evaluated the bond strengths of dual-cure resin composites applied to caries-affected root canal dentin under various clinical conditions and using several caries removal indicators. In the dye stain 1 group, caries were removed to a pale pink stain level using a caries detector. In the dye stain 2 group, caries were removed to a stain-free level using a caries detector. In the probing group, caries were removed to the level of hardness based on probing with a sharp explorer. Additionally, a sound dentin group was used as a control. We compared the resin composite microtensile bond strengths and failure mode distribution among the groups. The bond strengths (MPa) of the probing (64.6 ± 11.9) and the sound dentin (68.7 ± 11.1) groups were significantly higher than those of the dye stain 1 (46.9 ± 7.9) and 2 (47.5 ± 8.4) groups (p < 0.05). The removal of caries-affected dentin using a dentin-hardness-based technique showed higher tensile strength than that using a dye stain technique involving removal to any color level. Thus, the caries removal technique used on root canal dentin affects the bond strength of the resin composite.