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In this study, we investigate the electrochemical deposition of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films as a cost-effective and easily implementable technique to harness its promising semiconductor properties. Various parameters can be adjusted to achieve ZnO thin films with desired structural, morphological, and optical characteristics. In particular, we focus on the deposition potential as a critical parameter. The ZnO thin films were electrodeposited at a low temperature of 55 °C, with varying deposition potentials ranging from − 1.2 to − 1.4 V/SCE. Our experimental findings reveal the profound influence of the deposition potential on the structural and morphological properties of the ZnO thin films, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. Additionally, a significant impact on the optical properties was observed, with the band gap energy shifting from 3.25 to 3.31 eV. The film thicknesses exhibited variations from 0.14 to 0.79 μm in response to changes in the deposition potential. To complement our experimental investigations, we conducted simulations using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension (SCAPS-1D) software. Specifically, we explored the feasibility of utilizing these electrodeposited ZnO thin films as window layers in ZnO/CuO heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications. The results demonstrate promising energy conversion efficiencies of 9.13, 9.08 and 9.07% for ZnO thin films deposited at − 1.2, − 1.3, and − 1.4 V/SCE respectively, at the low temperature of 55 °C. Overall, our study underscores the significance of optimizing the deposition potential for tailoring the properties of ZnO thin films, rendering them well-suited for applications in photovoltaic devices.

This study utilizes the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS), a simulation program, to comprehensively investigate the influence of aluminum (Al) doping concentration and thickness variation in the ZnO layer on the performance of perovskite solar cells. The simulated perovskite solar cell (PSC) featured a perovskite layer of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , with an Al-doped ZnO layer acting as the electron transport layer (ETL) and Spiro-OMETAD as the hole transport layer (HTL). Employing the basic n-i-p planar structure of the PSC, the simulations were conducted to discern the impact of varying Al doping and ZnO layer thickness. In the context of Al doping, the J-V curves exhibit a systematic improvement in open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and overall conversion efficiency (η) as the doping concentration varies from 0 to 4%, with optimal performance achieved at 3%, yielding an efficiency of 15.37%. However, higher doping concentrations lead to diminished efficiency. Regarding thickness variation with a fixed 3% doping concentration, the J-V curves show a stable Voc but a subtle reduction in Jsc with increasing layer thickness. Notably, the investigation reveals that a maximum efficiency of 15.44% is achieved at a thickness of 20 nm. These findings provide crucial design considerations for enhancing PSC performance. Graphical abstract Highlights This study used SCAPS simulation to evaluate how aluminum doping and changing the thickness of the ZnO layer affect perovskite solar cell performance. Optimal results are achieved with 3% aluminum doping and a 20 nm ZnO layer. Discussion Aluminum-doped ZnO offers cost advantages over TiO 2 and enhances perovskite solar cell performance. Increasing aluminum doping generally improves performance up to 3%. However, above 4%, efficiency decreases due to lower charge carrier concentrations. Changes in ZnO layer thickness significantly affect charge transport and light absorption in perovskite solar cells, influencing overall efficiency.

Estimer les migrations maghrébines en France est souvent confronté au manque remarquable des statistiques. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser cette migration à travers les résultats de l'enquête emploi 2012 de l'INSEE comme source principale afin de nuancer beaucoup d'à priori véhiculés sur la migration Maghrébine vers la France. Nous avons montré que pour les pays du Maghreb, ces statistiques ne distinguent pas clairement entre les immigrés et les non immigrés. Enfin, Les résultats de cette enquête confirme que les maghrébins immigrés (lieu de naissance et nationalité) en France depuis les années 60 jusqu'à l'année 2012 représentent la catégorie la plus fragile quant à la précarité à la fois de la scolarisation et de l'emploi et d'être eu au chômage en France.