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"Owen, William"
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Degradation of catecholate, hydroxamate, and carboxylate model siderophores by extracellular enzymes
Siderophores are low-molecular weight biomolecules with a high affinity for ferric iron (Fe III ) that can impact plant and microbial growth. Although their formation and biology have been investigated in detail, little is known about the environmental fate of siderophores, including their potential reactions with common degradative enzymes, which may influence or hinder the ability to promote the uptake of Fe for plants and microbes. In this study, we examined the ability of the model extracellular enzymes phenol oxidase, protease, and horseradish peroxidase to degrade apo siderophores and Fe III siderophore complexes. The siderophores were selected to represent the natural diversity of siderophore structures: the bacterial triscatecholamide siderophore protochelin; the bacterial trishydroxamate siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB); and the synthetic carboxylate phytosiderophore analog proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid (PDMA). In general, apo siderophores were more susceptible to degradation, with some protection of the siderophore provided by Fe III complexation. Phenol oxidase reacted rapidly with protochelin, leading to 90% degradation of protochelin after 24 hours of reaction, which could be modeled by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Peroxidases in the presence of H 2 O 2 were also effective in the degradation of protochelin (80%) and, to a lesser extent, reacted with DFOB, leading to ~5% degradation. Control experiments showed that protochelin oxidation is caused primarily by H 2 O 2 alone, even in the absence of the peroxidase enzyme. When bound to Fe III , the degradation of protochelin by phenol oxidase and DFOB degradation by peroxidase was reduced by ~50% and ~3%, respectively. No significant reaction was detected between PDMA and any of the three enzymes, supporting its proposed use for plant Fe fertilization.
Journal Article
A Quick Method for Removing a CCD Electronic Shutter's Two-sided Smear
Image smear in a CCD digital image arises when light from the scene being imaged impinges on the detector during the initial flush before the exposure begins, during readout, or both. We have found a rigorous method for removing \"two-sided\" smear that is linear with the number of pixels and does not involve matrix inversion.
Journal Article
Anti-pluralism : the populist threat to liberal democracy
The Great Recession, institutional dysfunction, a growing divide between urban and rural prospects, and failed efforts to effectively address immigration have paved the way for a populist backlash that disrupts the postwar bargain between political elites and citizens. Whether today's populism represents a corrective to unfair and obsolete policies or a threat to liberal democracy itself remains up for debate. Yet this much is clear: these challenges indict the triumphalism that accompanied liberal democratic consolidation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. To respond to today's crisis, good leaders must strive for inclusive economic growth while addressing fraught social and cultural issues, including demographic anxiety, with frank attention. Although reforms may stem the populist tide, liberal democratic life will always leave some citizens unsatisfied. This is a permanent source of vulnerability, but liberal democracy will endure so long as citizens believe it is worth fighting for.
Book
Epilepsy mortality in Wales during COVID-19
PurposeWe aimed to compare mortality rates in people with epilepsy in Wales during the pandemic with pre-pandemic rates.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study using population-scale anonymised health records. We identified deaths in people with epilepsy (DPWE), those with a diagnosis of epilepsy, and deaths associ- ated with epilepsy (DAE), where epilepsy was recorded as a cause of death. We compared death rates in 2020 with average rates in 2015–2019 using Poisson models.ResultsThere were 188 DAE and 628 DPWE in Wales in 2020 (death rates: 7.7/100,000/year and 25.7/100,000/year). The average rates for DAE and DPWE from 2015 to 2019 were 5.8/100,000/year and 23.8/100,000/year, respectively. Death rate ratios (2020 compared to 2015–2019) for DAE were 1.34 (95%CI 1.14–1.57, p<0.001) and for DPWE were 1.08 (0.99–1.17, p = 0.09). The death rate ratios for non-COVID deaths (deaths without COVID mentioned on death certificates) for DAE were 1.17 (0.99–1.39, p = 0.06) and for DPWE were 0.96 (0.87–1.05, p = 0.37).ConclusionsThe significant increase in DAE in Wales during 2020 could be explained by the direct effect of COVID-19 infection. Non-COVID-19 deaths have not increased significantly but further work is needed to assess the longer-term impact.
Journal Article
World-making stories : Maidu language and community renewal on a shared California landscape
\"World-Making Stories is a collection of Maidu creation stories that will help readers appreciate California's rich cultural tapestry. At the beginning of the twentieth century, renowned storyteller Hanc'ibyjim (Tom Young) performed Maidu and Atsugewi stories for anthropologist Ronald B. Dixon, who published these stories in 1912. The resulting Maidu Texts presented the stories in numbered block texts that, while serving as a source of linguistic decoding, also reflect the state of anthropological linguistics of the era by not conveying a sense of rhetorical or poetic composition. Sixty years later, noted linguist William Shipley engaged the texts as oral literature and composed a free verse literary translation, which he paired with the artwork of Daniel Stolpe and published in a limited-edition four-volume set that circulated primarily to libraries and private collectors. Here M. Eleanor Nevins and the Weje-ebis (Keep Speaking) Jamani Maidu Language Revitalization Project team illuminate these important tales in a new way by restoring Maidu elements omitted by William Shipley and by bending the translation to more closely correspond in poetic form to the Maidu original. The beautifully told stories by Hanc'ibyjim are accompanied by Stolpe's intricate illustrations and by personal and pedagogical essays from scholars and Maidu leaders working to revitalize the language. The resulting World-Making Stories is a necessity for language revitalization programs and an excellent model of indigenous community-university collaboration\"--from the publisher's website.
Book
Radiological clues to a mitochondrial problem
MR scan of the brain showed extensive T2/FLAIR hyperintense cortical changes and associated swelling predominantly involving the right temporal lobe, extending to involve the occipital and parietal cortical regions (figure 1). Muscle biopsy reported ragged fibres and several cytochrome c oxidase/succinate dehydrogenase abnormal fibres. Cortical ischaemic changes surpassing a single vascular territory are well recognised in MELAS.2 Brain atrophy is another feature suggesting mitochondrial disease, and in MELAS cases this is often most pronounced in the cerebellum.3 MR spectroscopy and diffusion-tensor imaging combined with standard imaging techniques may offer further valuable diagnostic information.4 Guidelines for managing mitochondrial disease are available from the National Mitochondrial Research Centre.5 Stroke-like episodes in MELAS reflect seizure activity, rather than ischaemia, and aggressive treatment with anti-seizure medication is recommended.6 Key points Mitochondrial diseases have recognised radiological patterns; in mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), these include cortical ischaemia overlapping recognised vascular territories, and cerebellar atrophy.
Journal Article
الشرق الأوسط الجديد : الاحتجاج والثورة والفوضى في الوطن العربي
يحتوي هذا الكتاب على مجموعة من البحوث المعمقة والقراءات المتأنية والدقيقة حول أسباب الإنتفاضات ومحركيها وتأثيراتها في الأوضاع السياسية العربية الداخلية والإقليمية الدولية فيعالج الإنتفاضات العربية كلا على حدة بأبعادها الداخلية ووفق آليات التعبئة الشعبية الذاتية في ظل أزمة السلطة السياسية في كل من تلك الحالات وفشل التنمية الاقتصادية لديها وفي ظل الأنواع الجديدة من التعبئة والنشاط التي أطرت تلك الإنتفاضات.
BOOK
Zinc–Air Hearing Aid Batteries: An Analysis of Functional Performance
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three disposable hearing aid battery brands available in Wales. Hearing-impaired individuals who utilise hearing aids rely on the functionality of their devices, which is often contingent upon the quality and longevity of disposable batteries. Materials and Methods: A grey literature review foregrounded the battery standards. The “real-life” use of batteries was supplemented through laboratory testing. Parameters relating to performance quality were used to quantify an overall service life of five PR44- and four PR48-size batteries per manufacturer. Results: The literature review signalled a large gap in hearing aid battery consumption research. All battery brands underperformed compared to their specifications but met IEC standards. Conclusions: Revisions to battery consumption test conditions should reflect new technological features and refine expectations of real-life use. It was possible to statistically identify the best performing hearing aid battery brand.
Journal Article