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Security and welfare are man’s most fundamental needs; because all other needs of man are dependent on them. The prevailing high rate of insecurity in Nigeria demonstrates the failure of the Government to significantly fulfill its primary duties of protection of lives and property as enshrined in Section 14 Subsection 2(b) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria. This paper, therefore, investigates the efforts of the local authorities –such as traditional rulers, communities and town union leaders, and traditional healers/herbalists among others in fighting insecurity in Nigeria, within the context of the countryside. The method used is a qualitative survey, leveraging secondary data to descriptively content analyze the roles played by local authorities in rolling back insecurity in the Northeast and Southeast regions in Nigeria. Group disequilibrium theory was used in analyzing insecurity from the point of organized violent crime originating from group discontentment. It was found that local authorities have played significant roles in combating insecurity in the countryside. We recommended the government recognition and support to boost the efforts of the local authorities, and the democratization of security through decentralizing the security architecture of the country to pave the way for enhanced citizens’ participation in security of the country.

Xenophobia presents a significant obstacle to the African Union's (AU) vision of a united and integrated continent. Xenophobia in Africa refers to negative feelings and discriminatory behaviour towards outsiders, particularly immigrants, refugees, or non-nationals. Despite the AU’s efforts to promote unity, xenophobic sentiments and violence persist across several African countries, undermining socio-economic stability, social cohesion, and continental integration. This article examines the challenges xenophobia poses to African unity and regional integration while exploring the AU’s response and proposing strategies to address these issues. The findings reveal that xenophobia affects various socio-economic dimensions, including employment, education, and access to resources for African migrants and host communities. Migrants, often viewed as economic threats, face exclusion from job opportunities and essential services, leading to disrupted livelihoods and perpetuated cycles of poverty. Moreover, xenophobia undermines Agenda 2063’s goals by hindering intra-African mobility, damaging social cohesion, and weakening the foundations of a unified Africa (Paalo, Adu-Gyamfi & Arthur, 2022). Although the AU has publicly condemned xenophobic violence and encouraged protective policies, critics argue that its responses lack enforcement and proactive strategies to curb xenophobia at its roots. The study concludes that xenophobia remains a significant barrier to achieving the AU’s aspirations for a prosperous and integrated Africa. The AU must reinforce its commitment to inclusivity and cooperation among member states to foster lasting unity (Delaila, 2019). Therefore, we recommend that the AU and its member states conduct educational campaigns that promote Pan-Africanism and the economic contributions of migrants. This would change how people think about these issues, make anti-discrimination laws stronger, and improve border and migration policies. All of these changes would make integration easier and lower tensions between communities.

Pastaruoju metu aprūpinimas maistu Afrikoje į pietus nuo Sacharos pradeda keistis dėl kai kurių veiksnių. Pavyzdžiui, su ganyklomis susijusių krizių regione. Nors sezoninis gyvulių perkėlimas į kitą vietovę yra sena besivystančių tautų, ypač Užsachario Afrikoje, praktika, jos santykis su ūkininkavimu ir žemės ūkio tvarumu pamažu keičiasi dėl regione vis dažniau kylančių politiškai motyvuotų krizių, susijusių su išteklių prieinamumu. Šiame tyrime nagrinėjome su sezoniniu gyvulių pervarymu susijusias prieigos prie išteklių krizes ir maisto saugumo valdymą pietryčių Nigerijoje. Tyrimo imtį sudaro 625 regiono kaimo ūkininkai, kurių nuolatinė gyvenamoji vieta yra ūkininkų kooperatinės bendrovės. Tyrime vadovautasi išteklių prieinamumo teorija ir apklausos tyrimo planu. Renkant duomenis naudotasi klausimyno priemone, o surinktiems duomenims įvertinti taikyta procentinė, koreliacinė ir regresinė statistika. Pagrindinės tyrimo išvados: su sezoniniu gyvulių perkėlimu susiję konfliktai neigiamai koreliavo su keturiais aprūpinimo maisturegione aspektais, tokiais kaip maisto gamyba (p.000, r = -,386), maisto prieinamumas (p.000, r = -,325), maisto prieinamumas (p.000, r = -,376) ir maisto stabilumas (p.000, rho = -,389). Kaimo ir miesto maisto apyvartą prognozuoja atviros ganyklos, piemenų įsibrovimas į ūkį, ūkininkų ir piemenų susirėmimai, klimato kaitos rodikliai (*** p<.000, R2 =.791), o žemės ūkio tvarumą prognozuoja respondentų amžius, atviros ganyklos, piemenų įsibrovimas į žemės ūkio paskirties žemę, ūkininkų ir piemenų susirėmimai, klimato kaitos rodikliai, taip pat žemės ūkio paskirties žemės apleidimas dėl piemenų išpuolių (*** p<.000, R2 =.876)

Food security in sub-Saharan Africa in recent history is beginning to experience alteration due to some factors such as transhumance-related crises in the region. Although transhumance is an age-long practice among developing nations, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, its relationship with farming and agricultural sustainability has gradually changed due to increasing politically motivated resource-access crises in the region. In this study, we investigated transhumance-related resource-access crises and food security management in southeast Nigeria. The study sample is made up of 625 rural farmers domicile with farmers’ cooperative societies in the region. The study was guided by the Resource-Access Theory and survey research design; a questionnaire instrument was used in data gathering while percentage, correlation and regression statistics were deployed to assess the collected data. Among the major findings of the study, transhumance-related conflict negatively correlated with the four dimensions of food security in the region such as food production (p.000, r = -.386), food availability (p.000, r = -.325), food accessibility (p.000, r = -.376) and food stability (p.000, rho = -.389). Rural-urban food circulation is predicted by open grazing, herdsmen encroachment into the farm, farmers/herders clash, climate change indicators (*** p<.000, R2=.791), while agricultural sustainability is predicted by the age of the respondents, open grazing, herdsmen encroachment into the farmland, farmers/herders clash, climate change indicators as well as desertion of farmland because of herdsmen attacks (*** p<.000, R2=.876).

Purpose-Smuggling of arms poses a grave danger and risk to the human community and threatens a country's internal security. In 2017, 2,671 pump-action rifles were intercepted at Nigerian seaports. Given the proliferation of arms and worsening insecurity in Nigeria, the federal government, in March 2021, re-introduced Cargo Tracking Note (CTN) to halt arms smuggling through the seaports. The quest of this study, therefore, is to determine if the reintroduction of Cargo Tracking Note can successfully curb arms smuggling through the ports. Design, Methodology, Approach-Data for the study were generated from secondary sources and structured questionnaires administered to the Nigerian Police and Customs Officers. The study is theoretically based on the United Nations Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (PoA) and International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. Findings-The result of the study indicated mixed motivation of those engaged in arms smuggling. Practical Implications-Unless Nigeria successfully deals with the issues that threaten its national unity, deployment of technology for national security, including CTN, will be a pipe dream.