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Homochirality is a hallmark of life on Earth. To achieve and maintain homochirality within a prebiotic network, the presence of an environmental factor acting as a chiral agent and providing a persistent chiral bias to prebiotic chemistry is highly advantageous. Magnetized surfaces are prebiotically plausible chiral agents due to the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, and they were utilized to attain homochiral ribose-aminooxazoline (RAO), an RNA precursor. However, natural magnetic minerals are typically weakly magnetized, necessitating mechanisms to enhance their magnetization for their use as effective chiral agents. Here, we report the magnetization of magnetic surfaces by crystallizing enantiopure RAO, whereby chiral molecules induce a uniform surface magnetization due to the CISS effect, which spreads across the magnetic surface akin to an avalanche. Chirality-induced avalanche magnetization enables a feedback between chiral molecules and magnetic surfaces, which can amplify a weak magnetization and allow for highly efficient spin-selective processes on magnetic minerals. Homochirality, a key feature of life, has unknown origins. Magnetic mineral surfaces can act as chiral agents, but are only weakly magnetized by nature. Here, the authors report the uniform magnetization of magnetite by an RNA precursor that spreads across the surface like an avalanche.

Life as we know it is homochiral, but the origins of biological homochirality on early Earth remain elusive. Shallow closed-basin lakes are a plausible prebiotic environment on early Earth, and most are expected to have significant sedimentary magnetite deposits. We hypothesize that ultraviolet (200- to 300-nm) irradiation of magnetite deposits could generate hydrated spin-polarized electrons sufficient to induce enantioselective prebiotic chemistry. Such electrons are potent reducing agents that drive reduction reactions where the spin polarization direction can enantioselectively alter the reaction kinetics. Our estimate of this chiral bias is based on the strong effective spin-orbit coupling observed in the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, as applied to energy differences in reduction reactions for different isomers. In the original CISS experiments, spin-selective electron transmission through a monolayer of double-strand DNA molecules is observed at room temperature—indicating a strong coupling between molecular chirality and electron spin. We propose that the chiral symmetry breaking due to the CISS effect, when applied to reduction chemistry, can induce enantioselective synthesis on the prebiotic Earth and thus facilitate the homochiral assembly of life’s building blocks.

Background Soccer is a dynamic sport that involves high-intensity running, changes of direction, jumping and contact. Therefore, a proper warm-up duration is of great importance to optimize players'performance and minimize the risk of injury. Methods This study examined the responses of amateur young 16 players (age = 17.00 ± 0.81 years; height = 177.38 ± 5.50 cm; weight = 64.50 ± 5.45 kg) 25 min (min), 15 min and 8 min warm-up duration in 4 v 4 small-sided games (SSGs) with mini-goal formats. Participants are assessed using the Participant Classification Framework, they are categorized under Tier 2: Trained/Developmental. The SSG interventions were randomly assigned to three training intervention groups. The features of SSG are determined as size; 25 × 32 m, bout; 4 × 4 min, resting; 4 min. Before the SSG, same protocol was applied at different times in all warm-ups. Warm-up protocols consisted of 13 sections. The intervention time in each section decreased parallel to the total 25 min, 15 min and 8 min warm-up times. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR) responses, distance covered and technical activities were consistently recorded during all SSG sessions. A one-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess significant differences in performance among the different warm-up duration. Results After the interventions, HR, total player load (TPL), successful passes (SP), unsuccessful passes (USP), interceptions and lost ball results demonstrated significant difference between the 25-min, 15-min and 8-min warm-up durations ( p < 0.05). Total distance, velocity, RPE and enjoyment results showed no significant difference between the 25-min, 15-min and 8-min warm-up duration ( p > 0.05). Results indicate that a 15-min warm-up duration provides an optimal balance between physiological and technical preparation, leading to improved HR responses, SP and interceptions compared to the 25-min and 8-min warm-ups. The 25-min warm-up decreased USP and lost ball occurrences compared to the 15-min and 8-min warm-ups. The 8-min warm-up resulted in a lower TPL, indicating reduced physiological demands. Conclusions The 15-min warm-up duration emerged as an optimal protocol, offering a time-efficient approach that enhances both technical performance and physiological readiness while avoiding unnecessary fatigue. This finding provides practical implications for coaches and practitioners in designing warm-up routines that maximize match readiness without overexertion.

This article examines Ahmedî’s early fifteenth-century İskendernâme, the most influential Ottoman reworking of the Alexander Romance. After tracing the multilingual transmission of Pseudo-Callisthenes through Byzantine, Islamic, and Iranian routes, it analyzes Ahmedî’s innovations, drawing chiefly on Ferdowsî and Nizâmî. The poem systematizes ideal kingship through advisory epistles attributed to Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Socrates, and recasts Indo-Iranian political theory (justice, liberality, consultation) into an Ottoman adab idiom. It also reshapes the Alexander–Gülşah episode as a mystical interlude, builds an encyclopedic cosmos spanning cosmology, astronomy/astrology, psychology, and medicine, and organizes wonder narratives (ajâib wa gharâib) thematically. The work’s epistemology pivots between Aristotle’s worldly knowledge and Khidr’s inspired lore and culminates in the Tevârîh-i Mülûk-i Âl-i Osmân section, which fuses epic, mirror-for-princes literature, encyclopedia, and dynastic historiography. Seasonal descriptions track Alexander’s life, reinforcing cyclical time.

In quantum mechanical many-body systems, long-range and anisotropic interactions promote rich spatial structure and can lead to quantum frustration, giving rise to a wealth of complex, strongly correlated quantum phases 1 . Long-range interactions play an important role in nature; however, quantum simulations of lattice systems have largely not been able to realize such interactions. A wide range of efforts are underway to explore long-range interacting lattice systems using polar molecules 2 – 5 , Rydberg atoms 2 , 6 – 8 , optical cavities 9 – 11 or magnetic atoms 12 – 15 . Here we realize novel quantum phases in a strongly correlated lattice system with long-range dipolar interactions using ultracold magnetic erbium atoms. As we tune the dipolar interaction to be the dominant energy scale in our system, we observe quantum phase transitions from a superfluid into dipolar quantum solids, which we directly detect using quantum gas microscopy with accordion lattices. Controlling the interaction anisotropy by orienting the dipoles enables us to realize a variety of stripe-ordered states. Furthermore, by transitioning non-adiabatically through the strongly correlated regime, we observe the emergence of a range of metastable stripe-ordered states. This work demonstrates that novel strongly correlated quantum phases can be realized using long-range dipolar interactions in optical lattices, opening the door to quantum simulations of a wide range of lattice models with long-range and anisotropic interactions. The realization of dipolar quantum solids with an ultracold gas of magnetic atoms in an optical lattice ushers in quantum simulation of many-body systems with long-range anisotropic interactions.

We present a case of adamantinoma that originated from the fibula and had a large soft tissue component measuring approximately 6 cm. Clinical, radiological, and pathological investigations initially suggested that the tumor might be a bone-invading synovial sarcoma. To the best of our knowledge, no other case of fibular adamantinoma with such a large soft tissue component has been reported in the literature.

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Salt stress is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting sustainable crop production in the world. Biopriming is the technique involving the use of beneficial and environmentally friendly biological agents to improve the physiological functioning of seeds. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are found in the rhizosphere of plants and have the potential to cope with salinity stress. In this study, the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis LU3 (Bt LU3) biopriming application on two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Sultan-95 and Tosunbey) under salt stress (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCI) on physiological (root and shoot length, biomass, dry weight, specific leaf area (SLA)), and biochemical parameters (pigment content, total protein content, hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2), lipid peroxidation content (TBARS) and antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase activity (POX), glutathione reductase activity (GR))) were investigated. As a result, it was determined that salt-sensitive Sultan-95 had better growth with Bt LU3 biopriming compared to salt-tolerant Tosunbey Tuz stresi, dünyada sürdürülebilir tarımsal üretimi sınırlayan başlıca abiyotik streslerden biridir. Biyopriming, tohumların fizyolojik işleyişini iyileştirmek için faydalı ve çevre dostu biyolojik ajanların kullanımını içeren bir tekniktir. Bitki büyümesini teşvik eden rizobakteriler (PGPR), bitkilerin rizosferinde bulunur ve tuzluluk stresi ile başa çıkma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, tuz stresi altında (0, 100 ve 200 mM NaCl) iki ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) çeşidine (Sultan-95 ve Tosunbey) Bacillus thuringiensis LU3 (Bt LU3) biyopriming uygulamasının fizyolojik (kök ve gövde uzunluğu, biyokütle, kuru ağırlık, spesifik yaprak alanı (SLA)) ve biyokimyasal parametreler (pigment içeriği, toplam protein içeriği, hidrojen peroksit içeriği (H2O2), lipid peroksidasyon içeriği (TBARS) ve antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri (peroksidaz aktivitesi (POX), glutatyon redüktaz aktivitesi (GR))) araştırılarak tuza duyarlı Sultan-95'in Bt LU3 biyopriming ile tuza dayanıklı Tosunbey'e göre daha iyi büyüme ve performans gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Background/Objectives: The sella turcica is a key anatomical landmark due to its close relationship with the pituitary gland and surrounding structures. This study aimed to compare morphometric characteristics of the sella turcica in autopsy cases according to sex and to develop machine learning (ML)-based sex estimation models using these measurements. Methods: This study included 230 individuals (115 males, 115 females). Sella turcica morphometric measurements (length, depth, anteroposterior, and transverse diameters) were analyzed. In addition, associations with age, height, and weight were evaluated. Sex differences and correlations were assessed using non-parametric tests. Generalized additive models were applied to evaluate non-linear effects of height and weight, and ML algorithms (LR, RF, SVM, XGBoost) were used for sex classification with 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Data from 230 individuals (115 males, 115 females) were analyzed. All sella turcica dimensions were significantly greater in males (p < 0.001). Height showed strong positive correlations with all measurements, whereas weight showed weaker associations and age was not significant. Generalized additive models demonstrated high performance for length and anteroposterior diameter (adjusted R2 ≈ 0.956), high performance for transverse diameter (R2 = 0.936), and moderate performance for depth (R2 = 0.700), with significant non-linear effects of height and weight. ML models achieved high accuracy (>95%), with SVM performing best (accuracy: 0.991; AUC: 0.997), and transverse diameter identified as the most important predictor. Conclusions: Sella turcica morphometry demonstrates strong sexual dimorphism and is primarily influenced by body size parameters, particularly height. Non-linear modelling approaches such as GAM effectively capture complex anatomical relationships, while ML models, especially SVM, provide promising sex estimation. Among all variables, transverse diameter emerges as the most robust and consistent predictor, highlighting its potential utility in forensic and anthropological applications.

The main goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the earthquake frequency content on the optimization of tuned mass damper (TMD) for multi-story buildings. Earthquake frequency content is divided into three groups (i.e., low, intermediate and high frequency content) according to the ratio of peak ground acceleration to the peak ground velocities. Time-domain analyses are performed to obtain the dynamic responses of 10-story and 40-story shear buildings equipped with a TMD under twelve different earthquake records. Advanced firefly algorithm is used to obtain the optimum parameters of the TMD such as the frequency ratio and the damping ratio. The optimization criterion is selected as the minimization of the maximum top story displacement of the building with TMD. The optimum parameters of TMD designed by this paper and its control performance are compared with those of other previous works available in the literature. Compared to the other methods, the optimum TMD designed by this study especially performs better in reducing the maximum top story displacements. Furthermore, it is discussed why TMD is ineffective in reducing the maximum floor accelerations of 40-story building, and then the effect of different mass ratios and objective functions in reducing the maximum responses of both buildings under critical earthquake excitation is investigated in detail. The results also show that the frequency content of earthquake ground motions has a significant effect on the optimum parameters of TMD and its control performance.