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La primera infancia es considerada un periodo importante del ciclo vital humano, debido a que durante esta etapa se establecen las bases para el adecuado desarrollo integral del individuo, permitiéndole en la edad adulta avances significativos en sus capacidades educativas, emocionales y sociales para su desenvolvimiento en los diferentes escenarios.

Esta investigación ha consistido en el análisis, descripción e interpretación de la documentación fotográfica relacionada con el arquitecto Emilio Pérez Piñero. Tras un proceso de recopilación documental, se ha realizado una propuesta de cuadro de clasificación, dedicando una sección del fondo Emilio Pérez Piñero a Archivo Fotográfico; se han definido los descriptores más comunes y se ha creado una ficha documental tipo, conforme a las reglas actuales de archivística. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la estructura y el contenido del archivo fotográfico, como una puesta más en valor de la figura y obra del arquitecto como generador y difusor de imágenes. 

La primera infancia es considerada un periodo importante del ciclo vital humano, debido a que durante esta etapa se establecen las bases para el adecuado desarrollo integral del individuo, permitiéndole, en la edad adulta, avances significativos en sus capacidades educativas, emocionales y sociales para su desenvolvimiento en los diferentes escenarios. Las prácticas educativas en salud llevadas a cabo en los Centros de Desarrollo Integral, se constituyen en eje fundamental para el desarrollo de la primera infancia, puesto que forman parte de la cotidianidad del cuidado que se brinda en dichos centros durante esta primera etapa de vida. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, las personas que tienen a su cargo el cuidado de niños y niñas menores de cinco años en los Centros de Desarrollo Integral deben poseer formación amplia y pertinente sobre temas relacionados con la nutrición y alimentación, higiene personal, crecimiento y desarrollo del infante, estilos de vida saludables y el buen trato; de manera que les permita fomentar ambientes propicios de aprendizaje y, por consiguiente, contribuir al fortalecimiento del crecimiento y desarrollo integral de los niños y niñas.

La primera infancia es considerada un periodo importante del ciclo vital humano, debido a que durante esta etapa se establecen las bases para el adecuado desarrollo integral del individuo, permitiéndole, en la edad adulta, avances significativos en sus capacidades educativas, emocionales y sociales para su desenvolvimiento en los diferentes escenarios. Las prácticas educativas en salud llevadas a cabo en los Centros de Desarrollo Integral, se constituyen en eje fundamental para el desarrollo de la primera infancia, puesto que forman parte de la cotidianidad del cuidado que se brinda en dichos centros durante esta primera etapa de vida. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, las personas que tienen a su cargo el cuidado de niños y niñas menores de cinco años en los Centros de Desarrollo Integral deben poseer formación amplia y pertinente sobre temas relacionados con la nutrición y alimentación, higiene personal, crecimiento y desarrollo del infante, estilos de vida saludables y el buen trato; de manera que les permita fomentar ambientes propicios de aprendizaje y, por consiguiente, contribuir al fortalecimiento del crecimiento y desarrollo integral de los niños y niñas.

Despite growing evidence of reduced invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease attributed to public health measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, the effect of these measures on pneumococcal carriage remains unclear. This study aimed to assess pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among children and adults self-confined at home during the COVID-19 national lockdown in Spain while identifying predictors of pneumococcal carriage in children. Household study conducted across the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) between April-June 2020. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from young children and adults for real-time PCR pneumococcal lytA and wgz gene detection, quantification, and serotyping, as well as for detection of respiratory viruses. Among 332 children (median age: 3.1 years [IQR: 1.9-4.0 years]; 59% male) and 278 adults (median age: 38.9 years [IQR: 36.1-41.3 years]; 64% female), pneumococcal carriage rates were 28.3% and 2.5%, respectively. Highly invasive serotypes 3, 7F/7A, and 19A were detected in 14.0% of samples from children carriers. Pneumococcal co-infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and influenza virus (IV) were not identified in children. Attendance to kindergarten before the lockdown (aOR: 2.65; IQR: 1.57-4.47; p<0.001) and household crowding (aOR: 1.85; IQR: 1.09-3.15; p = 0.02) were independent risk factors for children's pneumococcal carriage. Pneumococcal carriage rate among quarantined children during a full COVID-19 lockdown was moderate and correlated with limited presence of highly invasive serotypes and absence of pneumococcal co-infections with RSV, hMPV, and IV. Pre-lockdown daycare and household crowding predisposed children to carriage.

Human parechoviruses (HPeV) have been recently recognized as important viral agents in paediatric infections. The aims of this study were to investigate the HPeV infection prevalence in infants <1 month in Spain and, secondly, to analyse the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the infected patients compared with those infected by enterovirus (EV). Infants < 1 month with neurological or systemic symptoms were included in a multicentre prospective study. EV and HPeV detection by RT-PCR and genotyping were performed in cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), sera or throat swabs. Out of the total of 84 infants studied during 2013, 32 were EV positive (38 %) and 9 HPeV positive (11 %). HPeV-3 was identified in eight cases and HPeV-5 in one. Mean age of HPeV-positive patients was 18 days. Diagnoses were fever without source (FWS) (67 %), clinical sepsis (22 %) and encephalitis (11 %). Leukocytes in blood and CSF were normal. Pleocytosis ( p  = 0.03) and meningitis ( p  = 0.001) were significantly more frequent in patients with EV infections than with HPeV. Conclusions : Although HPeV-3 infections were detected less frequently than EV, they still account for approximately 10 % of the cases analysed in infants younger than 1 month. HPeV-3 was mainly associated with FWS and without leukocytosis and pleocytosis in CSF. In these cases, HPeV screening is desirable to identify the aetiologic agent and prevent unnecessary treatment and prolonged hospitalization. What is Known : • Human parechovirus may be a cause of fever and clinical sepsis in the neonatal period . • HPeV-3 might be one of the main agents causing severe neonatal neurological infections . What is New: • This is the first multicenter prospective study focused on newborns and contributes to a better knowledge of these viral infections. Clinical characteristics of enterovirus and parechovirus infections are compared specifically in the neonatal period . • Knowledge of HPeV infections by paediatricians and neonatologists can guide the diagnosis of these patients and avoid unnecessary treatment and prolonged hospitalization .

Background The nasopharyngeal microbiota, which plays a crucial role in respiratory health and disease during infancy, was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in children and adults. This study aimed to prospectively explore the dynamics of the nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a prospective birth cohort study at Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (Barcelona, Spain) involving 32 neonates born between December 2019 and December 2020. Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological variables as well as nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected during the firsts two years of life. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were used to characterize the nasopharyngeal microbiota through 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Results Our findings highlight the stabilization of the nasopharyngeal microbiota composition by 12 months of age. Key factors influencing nasopharyngeal microbiota patterns in the first two years of life included a history of upper respiratory tract infection episodes, a pattern of rapid post-natal weight gain, pneumococcal carriage detection, recent receipt of systematic vaccination, and the use of antibiotics and corticosteroids. Notably, rapid post-natal weight gain was associated with differences in the microbiota composition, with overrepresentation of potential beneficial bacteria such as Dolosigranulum pigrum and Corynebacterium spp ., underrepresentation of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis , and functional pathways with enhanced metabolic activity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate early stabilization of the nasopharyngeal microbiota composition by 12 months of age during the COVID-19 period and highlight the interplay between nasopharyngeal microbiota dynamics and early post-natal weight gain, with potential long-term impacts on metabolic outcomes.

Influenza vaccination is recommended to pregnant women in Spain to reduce the risk of influenza-related complications. Influenza related hospitalizations pose a significant disease burden in children every year. Although children below 6 months are too young to be vaccinated, they can receive protection against influenza through vaccination of their mothers during pregnancy. We estimated the effectiveness of maternal influenza vaccination to prevent influenza hospitalizations in infants under 6 months of age. This is a retrospective pilot study, using data from the Severe Hospitalized Confirmed Influenza Cases (SHCIC) surveillance system in seasons 2017/18 and 2018/19 in Spain. Maternal vaccination status during pregnancy was collected for cases in children 6 months and younger hospitalized with confirmed influenza infection. Influenza vaccine effectiveness was estimated using the screening method, by comparing the proportion of children with vaccinated mothers during pregnancy (proportion of cases vaccinated, PCV), with the vaccination coverage among pregnant women in Spain (proportion of population vaccinated, PPV). For all the study period, the PCV was 17% and the PPV was 35%. Influenza vaccination in mothers during pregnancy prevented influenza confirmed hospitalizations in infants aged 6 months and younger with a 61% (95%CI: 27–79%) effectiveness. In line with evidence from other countries, influenza vaccination during pregnancy protects infants up to 6 months of age from influenza hospitalizations in Spain. These results support current recommendations of influenza vaccination in pregnant women, and more studies are needed in Spain to confirm the double protection of maternal vaccination in mothers and infants.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a mild illness caused by enteroviruses (EV), although in some Asian countries, large outbreaks have been reported in the last 25 years, with a considerable incidence of neurological complications. This study describes epidemiological and clinical characteristics of EV infections involved in HFMD and other mucocutaneous symptoms from 2006 to 2020 in Spain. EV-positive samples from 368 patients were included. EV species A were identified in 85.1% of those typed EV. Coxsackievirus (CV) A6 was the prevalent serotype (60.9%), followed by EV-A71 (9.9%) and CVA16 (7.7%). Infections affected children (1–6 years old) mainly, and show seasonality with peaks in spring–summer and autumn. Clinical data indicated few cases of atypical HFMD as well as those with neurological complications (associated with the 2016 EV-A71 outbreak). Phylogenetic analysis of CVA6 VP1 sequences showed different sub-clusters circulating from 2010 to present. In conclusion, HFMD or exanthemas case reporting has increased in Spain in recent years, probably associated with an increase in circulation of CVA6, although they did not seem to show greater severity. However, EV surveillance in mucocutaneous manifestations should be improved to identify the emergence of new types or variants causing outbreaks and more severe pathologies.

Physical activity modifies the gut microbiota, exerting health benefits on the host; however, the specific bacteria associated with exercise are not yet known. In this work, we propose a novel method, based on hierarchical topology, to study the differences between the microbiota of active and sedentary lifestyles, and to identify relevant bacterial taxa. Our results show that the microbiota network found in active people has a significantly higher overall efficiency and higher transmissibility rate. We also identified key bacteria in active and sedentary networks that could be involved in the conversion of an active microbial network to a sedentary microbial network and vice versa.