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The article sheds light on the significant and understudied bond between West German Chancellor and Nobel Peace Laureate Willy Brandt and Spanish President Felipe González. It is based on interviews with senior policy makers; archival material from the Ebert Foundation in Bonn; fresh material from Austria, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and the United States, and exclusive additional private papers. Drawing on these sources, the article identifies the three key political-intellectual pillars – democracy, social democracy and internationalism – that sustained their special ‘father–son’ relationship and discusses their shared desire to project their brand of socialism across Europe and the world. In doing so, it also sheds light on how personal guidance, assistance and exchange, linked with institutional support, contributed to the expansion of democracy and social democracy in the late Cold War.

In this article, we advocate for mainstream International Relations (IR) to acknowledge the agency of ‘global thinkers’ who have been overlooked or insufficiently engaged with in the discipline. This neglect stems from IR’s origins and formalisation that excludes diverse voices in its understanding of international thought. To address this issue, we propose a framework to actively engage with overlooked global thinkers, emphasising linguistic, regional, and gender diversity. Aligning with Global IR’s recognition that knowledge is universally produced, this undertaking highlights the intrinsically global nature of international thought. We present a framework that reviews, reframes, and rediscovers the contributions of global thinkers. Taken together, these three steps allow us to ‘re-think’ thinkers in IR, and make a case for their inclusion in the discipline. We structure our analysis into quantitative investigations of IR theory books, which provide an account of the discipline’s canonical thinkers and history of thought. This is followed by qualitative discussions on the value of global thinkers, exemplified by the illustrative cases of Andrés Bello and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. By highlighting their underappreciated contributions to topics such as sovereignty, international law, and cosmopolitanism, we advocate for their inclusion - amongst others - within the discipline. This article serves as an introductory intervention, setting the stage for further exploration of global thinkers within IR’s disciplinary core.

On 1 July 2017, leaders from across the European Union (EU) and beyond came together in the plenary hall of the European Parliament in Strasbourg at the first-ever European Ceremony of Honour. There, they paid final tribute to Helmut Kohl, former West German Chancellor and first chancellor of unified Germany. Draped in the blue-and-gold European Union flag and carried by eight members of the Wachbataillon der Bundeswehr, Kohl’s casket was placed at the center of the plenary hall.

Background: The cancer cell fusion theory could be one of the best explanations for the metastasis from primary tumours. Methods: Herein, we co-cultured colorectal cancer (CRC) stem cells with human monocytes and analysed the properties of the generated tumour hybrid cells (THCs). The presence of THCs in the bloodstream together with samples from primary and metastatic lesions and their clinical correlations were evaluated in CRC patients and were detected by both FACS and immunofluorescence methods. Additionally, the role of SIGLEC5 as an immune evasion molecule in colorectal cancer was evaluated. Results: Our data demonstrated the generation of THCs after the in vitro co-culture of CRC stem cells and monocytes. These cells, defined as CD45+CD14+EpCAM+, showed enhanced migratory and proliferative abilities. The THC-specific cell surface signature allows identification in matched primary tumour tissues and metastases as well as in the bloodstream from patients with CRC, thus functioning as a biomarker. Moreover, SIG-LEC5 expression on in vitro generated THCs has shown to be involved in the mechanism for immune evasion. Additionally, sSIGLEC5 levels correlated with THC numbers in the prospective cohort of patients. Conclusions: Our results indicate the generation of a hybrid entity after the in vitro co-culture between CRC stem cells and human monocytes. Moreover, THC numbers present in patients are related to both prognosis and the later spread of metastases in CRC patients.