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We urgently need to predict species responses to climate change to minimize future biodiversity loss and ensure we do not waste limited resources on ineffective conservation strategies. Currently, most predictions of species responses to climate change ignore the potential for evolution. However, evolution can alter species ecological responses, and different aspects of evolution and ecology can interact to produce complex eco‐evolutionary dynamics under climate change. Here we review how evolution could alter ecological responses to climate change on species warm and cool range margins, where evolution could be especially important. We discuss different aspects of evolution in isolation, and then synthesize results to consider how multiple evolutionary processes might interact and affect conservation strategies. On species cool range margins, the evolution of dispersal could increase range expansion rates and allow species to adapt to novel conditions in their new range. However, low genetic variation and genetic drift in small range‐front populations could also slow or halt range expansions. Together, these eco‐evolutionary effects could cause a three‐step, stop‐and‐go expansion pattern for many species. On warm range margins, isolation among populations could maintain high genetic variation that facilitates evolution to novel climates and allows species to persist longer than expected without evolution. This ‘evolutionary extinction debt’ could then prevent other species from shifting their ranges. However, as climate change increases isolation among populations, increasing dispersal mortality could select for decreased dispersal and cause rapid range contractions. Some of these eco‐evolutionary dynamics could explain why many species are not responding to climate change as predicted. We conclude by suggesting that resurveying historical studies that measured trait frequencies, the strength of selection, or heritabilities could be an efficient way to increase our eco‐evolutionary knowledge in climate change biology.

Natal dispersal is a key demographic trait that affects population dynamics, and intraspecific variation in dispersal affects gene flow among populations and source-sink dynamics. However, relatively little is known about the selective pressures and trade-offs that animals face when departing their natal area due to the logistical difficulties associated with monitoring animals during this critical life stage. We used a randomized block design to examine the selective pressure that influence dispersal timing in juvenile burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ) by experimentally altering both food and ectoparasites at 135 nests. We also examined the effects of local food abundance, ectoparasite loads, and parental departure on natal dispersal timing. Juvenile burrowing owls varied widely in natal dispersal timing, and phenotypic plasticity in dispersal timing was evident in juvenile owls’ response to our experimental treatments, local conditions, and their parents’ departure from the natal area. Moreover, juveniles responded differently than their parents to experimental manipulation of food and ectoparasite loads. Juveniles typically dispersed shortly after their parents departed the natal area, but delayed dispersing more than 2 weeks after parental departure if they did not receive experimental food supplements during a low-food year. In contrast, the experimental food supplements did not affect the migratory departure decisions of adult owls in either year. Juveniles at nests treated for ectoparasites initiated dispersal at a younger age (and prior to adults in the high-food year) compared to juveniles at control nests. In contrast, parents at nests treated for ectoparasites departed later than parents at control nests. Our results suggest that unfavorable conditions (low food or high ectoparasite loads) caused juveniles to delay dispersal, but prompted adults to depart sooner. Our results highlight the extent of intraspecific variation in natal dispersal timing, and demonstrate that ecological conditions affect dispersal decisions of parents and offspring differently, which can create important trade-offs that likely affect life history strategies and responses to climatic changes.

Transient molecules in the gastrointestinal tract such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are key signals and mediators of inflammation. Owing to their highly reactive nature and extremely short lifetime in the body, these molecules are difficult to detect. Here we develop a miniaturized device that integrates genetically engineered probiotic biosensors with a custom-designed photodetector and readout chip to track these molecules in the gastrointestinal tract. Leveraging the molecular specificity of living sensors 1 , we genetically encoded bacteria to respond to inflammation-associated molecules by producing luminescence. Low-power electronic readout circuits 2 integrated into the device convert the light emitted by the encapsulated bacteria to a wireless signal. We demonstrate in vivo biosensor monitoring in the gastrointestinal tract of small and large animal models and the integration of all components into a sub-1.4 cm 3 form factor that is compatible with ingestion and capable of supporting wireless communication. With this device, diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease could be diagnosed earlier than is currently possible, and disease progression could be more accurately tracked. The wireless detection of short-lived, disease-associated molecules with our device could also support timely communication between patients and caregivers, as well as remote personalized care. A biosensor comprising bacteria engineered to respond to transient inflammatory signals has been packaged with electronic readout and transmission circuits in a small device that could be swallowed to monitor gastrointestinal health.

A growing body of theory predicts that evolution of an early-arriving species in a new environment can produce a competitive advantage against later arriving species, therefore altering community assembly (i.e. the community monopolization hypothesis). Applications of the community monopolization hypothesis are increasing. However, experimental tests of the hypothesis are rare. Here, we provide a rare experimental demonstration of the community monopolization hypothesis using two archaeal species. We first expose one species to low- and high-temperature environments for 135 days. Populations in the high-temperature treatment evolved a 20% higher median performance when grown at high temperature. We then demonstrate that early arrival and adaptation reduce the abundance of a late-arriving species in the high-temperature environment by 63% relative to when both species arrive simultaneously and neither species is adapted to high temperature. These results are consistent with the community monopolization hypothesis and suggest that adaptation can reduce competitive dominance to alter community assembly. Hence, community monopolization might be much more common in nature than previously assumed. Our results strongly support the idea that patterns of biodiversity might often stem from a race between local adaptation and colonization of pre-adapted species.

Less than a year after the 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse and eruption, water appeared in newly deepened Halemaʻumaʻu crater. The lake—unprecedented in the written record—grew to a depth of ∼50 m before lava from the December 2020 eruption boiled it away. Surface water heightened concerns of potential phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions but also offered a new means of possibly identifying eruption precursors. The U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) monitored the lake via direct visual observation, webcams, thermal imaging, colorimetry, and laser rangefinders. HVO also employed uncrewed aircraft systems to sample the water and measure near‐lake gas composition. The lake's δD and δ18O indicate a groundwater source with substantial evaporation. The initial sample had a salinity (total dissolved solids concentration) of 71,000 mg/L and was rich in sulfate (∼53,000 mg/L), iron (∼500 mg/L), and magnesium (∼10,000 mg/L). Subsequent samples were slightly more dilute. The water's pH (∼4), δ34S (+4.3‰), and surface temperatures (up to 85°C) suggest, rather than significant scrubbing of magmatic volatiles, leaching of basalt and reactions with sulfate minerals resulted in high concentrations of sulfate and other solutes. Thermodynamic modeling and precipitate mineralogy indicate that water composition was controlled by iron oxidation and sulfate dissolution. Although the lake exhibited no detectable precursors before the next eruption, and phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions did not materialize, our multi‐parameter approach to monitoring yielded an enhanced understanding of the hydrologic, geologic, and magmatic conditions that led to the formation of the unique and short‐lived lake. Plain Language Summary In 2019, ponded water was spotted within Kīlauea Volcano's summit crater—the first water body in the crater in written history. The presence of a crater lake was important, as it increased the chance of hazardous, explosive eruptions once Kīlauea resumed eruptive activity. However, the lake provided a new way to keep an eye on Kīlauea; other volcanic lakes have changed temperature, color, or chemistry, or even boiled away, before eruptions. We monitored Kīlauea's lake with various methods, including water sampling via drone. Data showed that the lake was fed by groundwater, not rainwater; the lake was acidic, but less so than most acid volcanic lakes; and the lake was not absorbing large amounts of volcanic gas directly. Instead, the lake's chemistry was controlled by reactions with rocks and sulfur‐bearing minerals in and near the crater. Ultimately, no changes to the lake were detected before the next eruption, most likely because of the nature of magma at Kīlauea, which is different from that at most volcanoes with crater lakes. The water lake also did not cause the eruption to be explosive, as lava merely flowed into the lake from above rather than being injected vigorously into the lake from beneath. Key Points Kīlauea Volcano's summit water lake was sampled three times to track any potential geochemical precursors to eruption The lake was fed by groundwater and its chemistry was controlled by leaching of host basalt, iron oxidation, and sulfate dissolution No precursory changes to the lake or phreatic activity occurred, likely owing to the nature of basaltic magma and eventual dike location

DEAP-3600 is a liquid-argon scintillation detector looking for dark matter. Scintillation events in the liquid argon (LAr) are registered by 255 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), and pulseshape discrimination (PSD) is used to suppress electromagnetic background events. The excellent PSD performance of LAr makes it a viable target for dark matter searches, and the LAr scintillation pulseshape discussed here is the basis of PSD. The observed pulseshape is a combination of LAr scintillation physics with detector effects. We present a model for the pulseshape of electromagnetic background events in the energy region of interest for dark matter searches. The model is composed of (a) LAr scintillation physics, including the so-called intermediate component, (b) the time response of the TPB wavelength shifter, including delayed TPB emission at O (ms) time-scales, and c) PMT response. TPB is the wavelength shifter of choice in most LAr detectors. We find that approximately 10% of the intensity of the wavelength-shifted light is in a long-lived state of TPB. This causes light from an event to spill into subsequent events to an extent not usually accounted for in the design and data analysis of LAr-based detectors.

The specific activity of the β decay of 39 Ar in atmospheric argon is measured using the DEAP-3600 detector. DEAP-3600, located 2 km underground at SNOLAB, uses a total of (3269 ± 24) kg of liquid argon distilled from the atmosphere to search for dark matter. This detector is well-suited to measure the decay of 39 Ar owing to its very low background levels. This is achieved in two ways: it uses low background construction materials; and it uses pulse-shape discrimination to differentiate between nuclear recoils and electron recoils. With 167 live-days of data, the measured specific activity at the time of atmospheric extraction is (0.964 ± 0.001 stat ± 0.024 sys ) Bq/kg atmAr , which is consistent with results from other experiments. A cross-check analysis using different event selection criteria and a different statistical method confirms the result.

As the impacts of anthropogenic climate change increase, conservation of climate‐change refugia has become a key strategy for effective environmental stewardship. Over the last 5 years, the field of climate‐change refugia conservation has made exciting advances, shifting from concepts and theory to refugia mapping and implementation. However, few studies have advanced to action on the ground; while 84% of studies identified and mapped refugia, only 4% involved implementing management action. Moreover, taxonomic and geographic gaps remain, with most studies focused on terrestrial plants and vertebrates in Europe and North America. Here, we outline impediments to implementation following the steps of the Climate‐Change Refugia Conservation Cycle. Based on a systematic literature review, we elucidate advances and obstacles with examples from a diversity of systems and sectors from across the world and highlight emerging work bridging the gap between research and implementation. Climate‐change refugia conservation is a strategy to reduce the impacts of climate change on natural and cultural resources. Although there are still gaps in implementation, there have been great advances in refugia science in recent years. Addressing obstacles will help increase the implementation and effectiveness of this area of climate adaptation.

Managing climate‐change refugia is a commonly recommended strategy for conserving biodiversity. However, few efforts have moved beyond the modeling phase of refugia science to management. Here, we present two case studies that move beyond modeling to testing models and management. In the first case study, we model refugia for two plant species (three‐toothed cinquefoil [Sibbaldia tridentata] and black crowberry [Empetrum nigrum]) in Acadia National Park, Maine, United States, and use greenhouse experiments, common‐garden experiments, and participatory science to evaluate the output of those models. Our results suggest that three‐toothed cinquefoil growth and survival are reduced under increased temperatures as models predict. However, other variables (e.g., soil moisture and salinity) might also be important to modeling and managing refugia for both species. National Park Service staff and partners have been directing restoration for both species to refugia, but are also exploring other adaptation strategies. In the second case study, we demonstrate that existing prioritization processes for habitat restoration in national parks of the northeastern United States rarely incorporate refugia for two indicator species: Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) and grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). Our work demonstrates that moving beyond modeling can improve models and lead to new management insights. We provide two case‐studies that incorporate climate‐change refugia into management at local and regional scales. We demonstrate methods to test refugia predictions and monitor effectiveness. We share lessons learned to help other practitioners and scientists incorporate climate‐change refugia into management.

A Look at Rule of Law Projects and Other International Insights. The authors of this book - judges, lawyers, educators, researchers, and administrators - provide personal insights into international cooperative efforts to promote the rule of law in emerging democracies throughout the world. The progress made and the challenges ahead are described with equal doses of idealism and reality. It has been said of many reform efforts that they are not for the faint of heart. Readers will soon discover that the authors of this book are of stout heart. With more than one hundred and fifty years of combined experience, the writers accounts