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There is a growing consensus that data driven elections are a winner, irrespective of variables that may affect the elections. The question of how these data are obtained in the first place is highly disputed. This paper analyzes Albania and looks at one of its prime indicators like voter fraudulence that leads to distorted election results. Our findings show that the factors that have led to such an outcome are the patron-client relationship, shadow financing, and the use of public administration as an arm extension of the ruling party. There are many mechanisms used by ruling political parties in non-consolidated democracies to obtain an outright advantage in elections, ranging from political assassination or imprisonment of political opponents to staffing the ballot boxes. But as the Albanian case testifies, more refined measures are more legitimate both domestically and in seeking international legitimacy. This article advances the present debate on the impact of patronage schemes on electoral competition and results in semi-consolidated democracies.

There is a growing consensus that data driven elections are a winner, irrespective of variables that may affect the elections. The question of how these data are obtained in the first place is highly disputed. This paper analyzes Albania and looks at one of its prime indicators like voter fraudulence that leads to distorted election results. Our findings show that the factors that have led to such an outcome are the patron-client relationship, shadow financing, and the use of public administration as an arm extension of the ruling party. There are many mechanisms used by ruling political parties in non-consolidated democracies to obtain an outright advantage in elections, ranging from political assassination or imprisonment of political opponents to staffing the ballot boxes. But as the Albanian case testifies, more refined measures are more legitimate both domestically and in seeking international legitimacy. This article advances the present debate on the impact of patronage schemes on electoral competition and results in semi-consolidated democracies.

[...]in collaboration with Albanian NGOs and international organizations, such lecturers organized workshops and round tables on promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in leadership positions.50 Despite the efforts to induce gender sensitive scholarly discussion at universities, women's and gender history are still not consolidated as separate research fields and there are no scholarly periodicals on gender or women's history. Since the appearance of Mary Edith Durham's and Margaret Husluck's books on Albanian society and family in the early twentieth century, a number of Western scholars have done research on traditional Albanian society and women's social roles and positions.52 The most recent social research is specifically focused on Albanian migration, especially to Italy and Greece, and studies gender aspects of migration as well.53 The field of women's history in Albania is still neglected by mainstream history and the category \"gender\" is still not considered \"a useful category of historical analysis\" (Joan W. Scott) by historians.

Edited by Krassimira DaskalovaWomen's History and Gender Sensitive Scholarship in Albania Enriketa Papa-Pandelejmoni and Gentiana KeraClio Still on the Margins: Women's and Gender History in Bulgaria Krassimira DaskalovaWomen's History in Croatia: Displaced and Unhomed Biljana Kašić and Sandra PrlendaThree Decades of Women's and Gender History in Greece: An Account Eleni Fournaraki and Yannis YannitsiotisThe State-of-the-Art in Women's and Gender History in Hungary: Studies from and about the State Socialist Period Esżter VarsaWomen's and Gender History in Lithuania: An Overview from Time and Distance Dalia LeinatreWomen's and Gender History in Poland after 1990: The Activity of the Warsaw Team Grażyna SzelagowskaGendering Russian History (Women's History in Russia: Status and Perspectives) Natalia Pushkareva

Shannon Woodcock, Life is War: Surviving Dictatorship in Communist Albania, Tirana: HammerOnPress, 2016, 238 pp, $22 (paperback), ISBN 1910849030 Margo Rejmer, Mud Sweeter Than Honey: Voices of Communist Albania, translated by Zosia Krasodomska-Jones and Antonia Lloyd-Jones, London: MacLehose Press, 2021, 320 pp, £18.99 (hardback), ISBN 978-1529411461

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