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Background Crop wild relatives of Malus domestica represent exceptional value as breeding resources and ornamental trees, nonetheless their natural populations are under threat due to anthropogenic factors. Malus florentina is an apple species endemic to the Balkans and Italy, and our current knowledge on its population genetics and conservation biological status is strongly limited. Results In the current study we used a 2b-RAD-seq approach to investigate the population genetic structure and diversity of four M. florentina populations from three different countries. We detected strong genetic differentiation among populations and a substantial risk of inbreeding within them. Furthermore, we identified candidate genes under selection associated with various stress responses including biotic resistance, salt stress and drought stress tolerance, further supporting local adaptation. Our enrichment analyses based on non-synonymous SNP counts at resistance loci revealed a significant 2.4-fold change, indicating that disease resistance genes are under selection. Conclusions According to this study M. florentina populations face considerable risk, and fragmentation of the studied populations cannot be ruled out. Despite this, the assessed populations exhibit considerable diversity at disease resistance loci, likely maintained by balancing selection. These findings highlight the importance of conserving the genetic diversity of wild apple populations for key agronomic traits such as disease resistance.

Odoria (Meruliaceae, Basidiomycota) is described as a new genus established for the threatened old-growth forest polypore Phaeolus alborubescens that was previously discussed in Aurantiporus or Tyromyces. It is characterized by the annual pinkish white spongy basidiocarp with strong sweetish smell, turning pale brown when drying, and has a positive reaction with KOH solution, the lack of cystidia, and the monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae often covered with fine orange crystals. Multigene phylogenetic analyses based on a combined (5.8S–nucLSU–rpb1–rpb2) and a single locus (nrITS) dataset place Odoria in Meruliaceae (Phlebioid clade), close to Crustodontia, Sarcodontia, Luteoporia, and Phlebiporia. Molecular as well as anatomical study of the old type specimen of P. alborubescens is also provided.

Fungal leaf spot pathogens of cucurbits cause significant yield losses. They cause extensive leaf necroses and defoliation, reducing host photosynthesis. They increase risks of fruit sunscald, and can cause substantial crop damage. Alternaria cucumerina has been recognized as the causal agent of leaf spot disease of cucurbits, and recent studies have identified other Alternaria species, and other emerging pathogens such as Curvularia. This study characterized 25 isolates obtained from infected watermelon and cucumber leaves from Hungary, Spain, and Kosovo. Morphological characterization and molecular analyses using TEF1-α, HIS3, and ITS gene regions identified Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens, and for the first time on this host, the genus Curvularia. Detached leaf assays of ten isolates on 73 watermelon accessions showed variation in isolate pathogenicity. The tested Curvularia isolate was the most aggressive, followed by the A. arborescens  and A. alternata isolates, although A. alternata was the most frequently identified  species. These results highlight the potential for emerging fungal pathogens causing cucurbit leaf spot, such as Curvularia sp., and show that these fungi can cause damage on economically important plants. This study also showed differing resistance within the watermelon collection, indicating potential for the plant introduction (PI) accessions as sources of resistance breeding.

In recent years, the scientific names of many cultivated and well-known medicinal fungal species have been changed. However, the results of taxonomic and nomenclature works on these economically important fungi are often overlooked or ignored in applied researches. The incorrect use of scientific names may cause uncertainty in research and in the global medicinal mushroom market. In this paper, we briefly review the current taxonomy and nomenclature of \"Fuling\" medicinal mushroom and make a proposal for biochemists, pharmacists and businessmen on the correct use of scientific names related to this species. Based on the recent taxonomic results and nomenclatural proposals, the use of the names Wolfiporia extensa, W. cocos and especially Poria cocos for the \"Fuling\" mushroom are incorrect and misleading; therefore, the acceptance of the names Pachyma hoelen or Wolfiporia hoelen is recommended.

Xylobolus subpileatus is a widely distributed crust fungus reported from all continents except Antarctica, although considered a rare species in several European countries. Profound mycochemical analysis of the methanol extract of X. subpileatus resulted in the isolation of seven compounds (1–7). Among them, (3β,22E)-3-methoxy-ergosta-4,6,814,22-tetraene (1) is a new natural product, while the NMR assignment of its already known epimer (2) has been revised. In addition to a benzohydrofuran derivative fomannoxin (3), four ergostane-type triterpenes 4–7 were identified. The structure elucidation of the isolated metabolites was performed by one- and two-dimensional NMR and MS analysis. Compounds 2–7 as well as the chloroform, n-hexane, and methanol extracts of X. subpileatus were evaluated for their tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. Among the examined compounds, only fomannoxin (3) displayed the antityrosinase property with 51% of inhibition, and the fungal steroids proved to be inactive. Regarding the potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of the fungal extracts and metabolites, it was demonstrated that the chloroform extract and compounds 3–4 exerted noteworthy inhibitory activity, with 83.86 and 32.99%, respectively. The butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory assay revealed that methanol and chloroform extracts, as well as compounds 3 and 4, exerted notable activity, while the rest of the compounds proved to be only weak enzyme inhibitors. Our study represents the first report on the chemical profile of basidiome of the wild-growing X. subpileatus, offering a thorough study on the isolation and structure determination of the most characteristic biologically active constituents of this species.

Investigation of the methanol extract of the poroid fungus Fuscoporia torulosa resulted in the isolation of a novel triterpene, fuscoporic acid (1), together with inoscavin A and its previously undescribed Z isomer (2 and 3), 3,4-dihydroxy-benzaldehide (4), osmundacetone (5), senexdiolic acid (6), natalic acid (7), and ergosta-7,22-diene-3-one (8). The structures of fungal compounds were determined on the basis of NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses, as well as molecular modeling studies. Compounds 1, 6–8 were examined for their antibacterial properties on resistant clinical isolates, and cytotoxic activity on human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. Compound 8 was effective against Colo 205 (IC50 11.65 ± 1.67 µM), Colo 320 (IC50 8.43 ± 1.1 µM) and MRC-5 (IC50 7.92 ± 1.42 µM) cell lines. Potentially synergistic relationship was investigated between 8 and doxorubicin, which revealed a synergism between the examined compounds with a combination index (CI) at the 50% growth inhibition dose (ED50) of 0.521 ± 0.15. Several compounds (1 and 6–8) were tested for P-glycoprotein modulatory effect in Colo 320 resistant cancer cells, but none of the compounds proved to be effective in this assay. Fungal metabolites 2–5 were evaluated for their antioxidant activity using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and DPPH assays. Compounds 4 and 5 were found to have a considerable antioxidant effect with EC50 0.25 ± 0.01 (DPPH) and 12.20 ± 0.92 mmol TE/g (ORAC). The current article provides valuable information on both the chemical and pharmacological profiles of Fuscoporia torulosa, paving the way for future studies with this species.

The effect of heat treatment on dried fruiting bodies of Reishi medicinal mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) is investigated. Control and samples treated for 20 min at temperatures of 70, 120, 150 and 180 °C were subjected for their free radical scavenging capacity, different glucans and total phenolic content determination. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus casei supplemented with control and heat-treated samples is also investigated. The roasted mushroom samples at 150 °C and 180 °C showed the highest level of β-glucan (37.82%) and free radical scavenging capacity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+). The content of total phenolics (TPC) was also influenced by heat treatment and significantly higher TPC values were recorded in samples treated at 120 °C and 150 °C. The presence of reducing sugars was only detected after heat treatment at 150 °C (0.23%) and at 180 °C (0.57%). The heat treatments at 120, 150 and 180 °C, significantly attenuated the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of pathogenic E. coli, in a linear relationship with an elevated temperature. The supplementation of heat-treated Reishi mushroom at 120 °C resulted in the highest growth rate of probiotic L. casei. The obtained results in this study revealed the significant effect of short-term heat treatment by enhancing the antioxidant capacity, β-glucan solubility and prebiotic property of the dried basidiocarp of Reishi mushroom.

Inonotus nidus-pici is a sterile conk which produces macrofungus, a neglected Central-Eastern European relative of the prized Inonotus obliquus, also known as chaga. Investigation of the methanol extract of the poroid fungus I. nidus-pici resulted in the isolation of citropremide (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (2) , lanosterol (3), ergost-6,8,22-trien-3β-ol (4), and ergosterol peroxide (5). The structures of fungal compounds were determined on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–2 and 4–5 were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against several bacterial and fungal strains. 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (2) and ergost-6,8,22-trien-3β-ol (4) demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity, while the former possessed notable antioxidant activity in DPPH assay. The antiproliferative examinations performed on three human cancer (MES-SA, MES-SA/Dx5, A431) cell lines demonstrated that compounds 4 and 5 have notable cytotoxic activity with IC values in micromolar range. The current study represents the first report on the chemical profile of I. nidus-pici, providing a comprehensive study on the isolation and structure determination of bioactive secondary metabolites of this macrofungus.

Fungi are the most diverse living organisms on planet Earth, where their ubiquitous presence in various ecosystems offers vast potential for the research and discovery of new, naturally occurring medicinal products. Concerning human health, cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality. While extensive research is being conducted on treatments and their efficacy in various stages of cancer, finding cytotoxic drugs that target tumor cells with no/less toxicity toward normal tissue is a significant challenge. In addition, traditional cancer treatments continue to suffer from chemical resistance. Fortunately, the cytotoxic properties of several natural products derived from various microorganisms, including fungi, are now well-established. The current review aims to extract and consolidate the findings of various scientific studies that identified fungi-derived bioactive metabolites with antitumor (anticancer) properties. The antitumor secondary metabolites identified from extremophilic and extremotolerant fungi are grouped according to their biological activity and type. It became evident that the significance of these compounds, with their medicinal properties and their potential application in cancer treatment, is tremendous. Furthermore, the utilization of omics tools, analysis, and genome mining technology to identify the novel metabolites for targeted treatments is discussed. Through this review, we tried to accentuate the invaluable importance of fungi grown in extreme environments and the necessity of innovative research in discovering naturally occurring bioactive compounds for the development of novel cancer treatments.

The recently revised Geastrum minimum species complex in sect. Geastrum subsect. Quadrifida revealed that the name G. minimum is a nomen ambiguum and dubium and was collectively used for at least two European species (viz. G. granulosum and G. marginatum). During the morphological revision of the Hungarian materials labelled as G. minimum, different crystal structures were found on the endoperidial body of some specimens than those of characteristic for G. granulosum and G. marginatum. These collections were exclusively found on open rocky grassy vegetation on dolomite bedrock in Hungary. Multigene phylogenetic analyses involving nrITS, nrLSU, rpb1, atp6 and tef1-α sequences of the collections with unique crystal morphology and ecology revealed that these form a distinct clade in close relationship with G. granulosum s.l. (i.e. specimens from Europe and North America). Based on molecular evidence, macro-and micromorphology as well as X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) characterisation of the mesoperidial crystals, here we propose the new species Geastrum dolomiticum.