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La arquitectura subterránea ha dado cobijo y protegido al hombre desde muchos siglos atrás, evolucionando tipológicamente y perdurando con el paso del tiempo hasta llegar a la actualidad. La presente necesidad de incidir en planteamientos bioclimáticos hace indispensable el estudio de esta arquitectura más primitiva puesto que, además de formar parte de la vivencia colectiva del habitar humano, es un referente en cuanto al aprovechamiento de los condicionantes naturales de cada región gracias a propuestas arquitectónicas sencillas que se benefician de la inercia térmica del terreno. Al mismo tiempo, estas agrupaciones subterráneas plantean distintos modos de enfrentarse al territorio y a sus características geográficas, obteniendo soluciones urbanísticas y arquitectónicas trasladables a configuraciones actuales. El objetivo del presente artículo es poner de manifiesto la evolución tipológica de la vivienda enterrada a nivel mundial, tanto como solución arquitectónica como sistema de agrupación urbanístico, así como plasmar su nivel de adaptación a la geografía regional en cada caso.

In recent years, and despite the effects of the economic crisis in the building sector, technicians involved in the architectural process had to adapt themselves to many changes, in search of new job opportunities. In this situation, traditional methods imposed by computer-aided design (CAD) in the development of new projects have evolved towards the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodologies, enabling the control of different aspects such as the design, construction and monitoring of a building; the implementation of this new approach has meant essential updating of construction professionals towards a new global coordination paradigm throughout the complete life cycle of a building. In order to analyse these demanded skills acquired by technicians with previous experience both in traditional CAD systems and BIM environments, a study has been carried out to determine (by comparison) the outstanding aspects about the use of BIM systems, taking into account the modelling process. To do so, a simple practical exercise of modelling using both AutoCAD and Revit software has been carried out with the participation of students and professionals within the building sector. Necessary data were obtained and later evaluated through simple regression considering the time dedicated to the modelling resolution; also, different variance analyses were conducted to identify alterations between the different categories and groups considered, taking into account factors such as gender, having a previous university degree or not, years of experience with CAD or BIM software, type of academic qualifications or having attended previous training courses (among others).

El futuro desarrollo urbano previsto para el frente marítimo ubicado junto al antiguo puerto pesquero y actual puerto deportivo de El Campello (Alicante) se plantea con un uso terciario y comercial abusivo implicando la pérdida del paisaje existente, de la imagen de la fachada marítima y de los valores socioculturales de la zona. Para evitar este desenlace, se plantea la recuperación de las antiguas cuevas existentes en dicho frente para uso y disfrute de sus habitantes; intervención enmarcada dentro de una propuesta de regeneración paisajística y social mediante un proyecto museístico sobre la historia arqueológica y cultural del municipio. Con el fin de confirmar la idoneidad y viabilidad de la propuesta planteada, se hace imprescindible la caracterización geológica y constructiva de las cuevas preexistentes para así acreditar la posibilidad de recuperación de un entorno que puede llegar a reconvertirse en punto de encuentro y disfrute paisajístico comunitario.

Underground architecture has sheltered and protected man from many centuries ago, by a typological evolution and by enduring over time into the present. The current need to emphasize bioclimatic approaches makes essential the study of this primitive architecture, due to the fact that this architecture is a part of the collective human living experience but also a reference in using natural conditions of each region through simple architectural proposals based on ground thermal inertia. In addition, these underground groups propose different modes to deal with the territory and its geographical features, obtaining urban and architectural solutions transferable to current configurations. The aim of this paper is to show the typological evolution of the excavated dwelling worldwide, as an architectural proposal and as an urban solution, and also to show its adaptation level to the regional geography in each case.

The forthcoming urban development planned for the waterfront of the ancient fishing port and modern port of El Campello (Alicante) will provoke its transformation into a commercial area, involving the loss of the existing landscape, the seafront image and the historic and cultural values in the area. To avoid this, we propose the rehabilitation of the existing ancient caves in the waterfront for its inhabitants to use and to enjoy. This is an intervention framed into a major project to regenerate the landscape and social activities through a proposal of an archaeological museum in the municipality. To confirm the appropriateness and viability of the architectural proposal, it is essential to study the geological characterization and the construction system of the caves in order to prove the possibility of recovery of the natural environment to become into a meeting point and a place full of common enjoyment of the landscape.