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The relationship between the unemployment rate and the evolution of human capital is different depending on whether one subscribes to a neoclassical logic or to a hysteresis theory. This paper proposes that when the unemployment rate reaches a high level for some time, the persistence phenomenon, or hysteresis, weakens the attractive forces of the natural rate of unemployment. The unemployment rate can then reach a different equilibrium value. However, according to Blanchard and Summers, this equilibrium is unstable and fragile. In the second part of this paper, we propose an indicator to measure the intensity of the attraction forces of the natural rate of unemployment. The empirical values of this index show the weak attraction forces of the natural rate of unemployment in economies with high levels of long-term unemployment.

In a comparative approach, this paper addresses the influence of important precursors on James McAuley's early poetry, its forms, themes and motifs, notably in the early work, what might be described as 'landscape' poems, and especially how translation functioned in his apprenticeship. The second part of the paper examines McAuley's successful return to the lyric landscape in the last decade of his life, and his apparent journey through a new phase of influences, dedications and appropriations. The term 'landscape' I do not use as a technical term, but rather as a word which best fits the poems I wish to describe which have, generally, a pictorial quality of images organised in a recognisable setting, a scene perhaps, often taken from nature and often adjacent to a more human-built environment, often featuring human figures or at least the gaze of a human onlooker, as well as that of the 'reader' onlooker.

While there are traces through the early poems, the dystopian motifs of debris and rubbish are most fully evident in the descriptive, thinly-veiled autobiographical portrait of the anarchist1 student living in rented rooms, in McAuley's poem 'Revenant,' dated 1939-1942, published in his first collection Under Aldebaran (1946): I enter the familiar house . . (16) In The Waste Land McAuley would have remarked Eliot's luxuriant images of inner city decay-'the empty bottles and sandwich papers' and the once pristine River Thames sweating 'oil and tar' ('The Fire Sermon,' CP 70-73), and in 'Prufrock,' the 'one-night cheap hotels' and 'sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells' (Eliot, CP 13). The Waste Land arguably licensed McAuley's resort to the trope of negatively value-laden, untidy debris, the mouldy bread-crusts and wine dregs, the overgrown backyard in 'Revenant,' whose Prufrockianpersona is further elaborated in the disillusioned artist vagabond protagonist of McAuley's early short fiction 'Under Aldebaran' (Hermes 45.2, 15-17). ('Perspective Lovesong,' in 'The Darkening Ecliptic,' Angry Penguins, June 1944) In the Malley poems the collective McAuley (and Stewart) do not draw on universal, generalised inner-city images but on those closer to home, the iconic inner Melbourne of their sojourn there in the early to mid-1940s while enlisted in the Australian Army: But where I have lived Spain weeps in the gutters of Footscray ('Petit Testament,' in 'The Darkening Ecliptic') The demise of similar working-class communities would be lamented by the left philosopher, Henri Lefebvre, 40 years later ('Notes on the New Town' 148-55).

At the beginning of 1952 the French expeditionary corps in the Far East was in a deadlock. North Vietnam, considered as the “lock of Southeast Asia”, was suffering from the blows inflicted by the Vietminh elements infiltrated in the delta. The pacification policy implemented until then did not allow the Franco-Vietnamese authorities to regain control. It was in this context that General de Linarès, commander of the French troops in Tonkin, implemented a new pacification plan. He was supported in his approach by the team of Jean Letourneau who took office in the spring. The plan, which was to last 18 months, combined military operations with administrative and political action by the Vietnamese authorities. The Vietnamisation of the war became a reality and there were many innovations: GAMO, regional militias, light battalions… At the same time, the French forces set up a psychological warfare office and liaison organisations with the Vietnamese authorities. They began a new cycle in which France changed its role: it was no longer at the centre of the political game and had to make way for a new actor, the Vietnamese national government. But this was not without difficulty…

De 1945 à 1946 à la faveur du retour de la France en Indochine, les services de renseignements reprennent du service. Le SDECE est celui qui dispose de la plus faible expérience sur ce territoire. Il doit s’installer, constituer ses réseaux pour remplir sa mission. Mais les difficultés sont nombreuses et son rendement durant ces mois charnières du conflit s’en ressent. Les archives déclassifiées en 2017 ne permettent pas réellement d’évaluer l’ensemble de la production du SDECE. Ce sont celles du contre-espionnage, il manque celles du service de renseignements (BAT) ainsi que la correspondance des Directeurs avec Paris. With the return of France in 1945-1946, the Intelligence services resumed their activities. The SDECE was the weakest element in this territory. To fulfil its mission it had to set up its networks, but it faced many difficulties which had a negative impact on its effectiveness in this critical period. The archives that were declassified in 2017 do not allow for a full evaluation of the role of the SDECE because they are limited to counter-intelligence and exclude both the intelligence service (BAT) and the correspondence between the SDECE directors and Paris.

Le contrôle de la police est un élément fondamental de souveraineté pour un Etat. Durant la guerre d’Indochine, son transfert au jeune Etat vietnamien est un facteur de légitimité, d’autant plus pour un service qui a symbolisé la puissance coloniale. Durant six années la vie de la sûreté vietnamienne sera un révélateur des difficultés de l’Etat dirigé par Bao Dai à se construire. Après s’être constituée, la sûreté nationale est confrontée aux pouvoirs des gouverneurs des différentes régions du Viêt-Nam qui affirme leur indépendance, mais également aux multiples jeux de pouvoirs qui caractérisent le nationalisme vietnamien. La prise de contrôle de la sûreté par les Binh Xuyen en 1954, montre clairement que l’efficacité opérationnelle de la police n’est pas l’objectif essentiel des nominations pour l’empereur Bao Dai. Control of the police is a crucial component of State sovereignty. During the French Indochina War, its transfer was a factor of legitimacy, the more so for being the symbol of French colonial power. For six years, the role of the Vietnamese national security forces was an indicator of the difficulties facing Bao Dai to build a viable State. No sooner were they created than the national security forces were confronted by the governors of the different Vietnam regions. Internal conflict became characteristic of Vietnamese nationalism. The seizure in 1954 of control of the national security forces by the Binh Xuyen showed that operational police efficiency was not the main goal of the appointments made by Emperor Bao Dai.

With the return of France in 1945-1946, the Intelligence services resumed their activities. The SDECE was the weakest element in this territory. To fulfil its mission it had to set up its networks, but it faced many difficulties which had a negative impact on its effectiveness in this critical period. The archives that were declassified in 2017 do not allow for a full evaluation of the role of the SDECE because they are limited to counter-intelligence and exclude both the intelligence service (BAT) and the correspondence between the SDECE directors and Paris.

Control of the police is a crucial component of state sovereignty. During the French Indochina War, its transfer was a factor of legitimacy, the more so for being the symbol of French colonial power. For six years, the role of the Vietnamese national security forces was an indicator of the difficulties facing Bao Dai to build a viable State. No sooner were they created than the national security forces were confronted by the governors of the different Vietnamese regions. Internal conflict became characteristic of Vietnamese nationalism. The seizure in 1954 of control of the national security forces by the Binh Xuyen showed that operational police efficiency was not the main goal of the appointments made by Emperor Bao Dai.

Multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections have become a major concern in hospitals worldwide. This study investigates membrane translocation, which is the first step required for drug action on internal bacterial targets. beta-lactams, a major antibiotic class, use porins to pass through the outer membrane barrier of Gram-negative bacteria. Clinical reports have linked the MDR phenotype to altered membrane permeability including porin modification and efflux pump expression. Here influx of beta-lactams through the major Enterobacter aerogenes porin Omp36 is characterized. Conductance measurements through a single Omp36 trimer reconstituted into a planar lipid bilayer allowed us to count the passage of single beta-lactam molecules. Statistical analysis of each transport event yielded the kinetic parameters of antibiotic travel through Omp36 and distinguishable translocation properties of beta-lactams were quantified for ertapenem and cefepime. Expression of Omp36 in an otherwise porin-null bacterial strain is shown to confer increases in the killing rate of these antibiotics and in the corresponding bacterial susceptibility. We propose the idea of a molecular \"passport\" that allows rapid transport of substrates through porins. Deciphering antibiotic translocation provides new insights for the design of novel drugs that may be highly effective at passing through the porin constriction zone. Such data may hold the key for the next generation of antibiotics capable of rapid intracellular accumulation to circumvent the further development MDR infections.

Séno au Laos est une base aéroterrestre mise en place en 1953 au moment où la guerre du Vietnam s’étend à l’Indochine. Après les accords de Genève de juillet 1954 elle devient le principal centre de renseignement français en Asie et une carte diplomatique majeure dans les mains du général de Gaulle. En 1963, la fermeture de la base française symbolise la fin de la présence militaire française en Asie et une nouvelle orientation de sa politique étrangère. Séno was an airbase set up in Laos in 1953 when the French Vietnam War extended to the whole of Indochina. After the Geneva Agreement in July 1954, the base became more important, becoming the main French intelligence centre in Asia and a major diplomatic playing card in the hand of General de Gaulle. In 1963, the closing of the French Séno base symbolised the end of the French military presence in Asia and a new orientation in French foreign policy.