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Background The stone burden based management strategy reported in the guidelines published by different associations is well known for a long time. Staghorn calculi, representing the largest burden and most complex stones, is one of the most challenging cases to practicing urologists in clinical practice. The International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU) has released a series of guidelines on the management of urolithiasis. Purpose To develop a series of recommendations for the contemporary management management of staghorn calculi and to provide a clinical framework for urologists treating patients with these complex stones. Methods A comprehensive literature search for articles published in English between 01/01/1976 and 31/12/2022 in the PubMed, OVID, Embase and Medline database is performed. A series of recommendations are developed and individually graded following the review of literature and panel discussion. Results The definition, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, preoperative evaluation, intraoperative treatment strategies and procedural advice, early postoperative management, follow up and prevention of stone recurrence are summarized in the present document. Conclusion A series of recommendations regarding the management of staghorn calculi, along with related commentary and supporting documentation offered in the present guideline is intended to provide a clinical framework for the practicing urologists in the management of staghorn calculi.

This study assessed the effect of micronutrient supplementation around peripartum period on immune function, reproductive performance, milk yield and milk quality of crossbred cows. Thirty pregnant crossbred cows in their late gestation were selected and randomly divided into five groups for study. Six cows in each group were supplemented with vitamin E (VE) (2000 IU/cow/day), vitamin A (VA) (100,000 IU/cow/day), copper (Cu) (20 ppm/cow/day), zinc (Zn) (80 ppm/cow/day) individually from 45 days pre-calving to 45 days post-calving and one group without any supplementation served as control. Immune function was studied by in vitro phagocytic activity (PA) of blood neutrophils, lymphocyte proliferation response (LPR) and plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration. Supplementation of VA significantly (P < 0.05) increased the in vitro PA of blood neutrophils and decreased milk somatic cell counts (SCC). Zn supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased the T lymphocyte proliferation response, whereas B lymphocyte LPR was significantly (P < 0.05) increased with both VA and Zn supplementation as compared to the control cows. Plasma IL-8 concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in all supplemented cows. Supplementation of VE, VA and Zn significantly (P < 0.05) reduces days open, whereas VA significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the service per conception. In this study, it is concluded that VE, VA and Zn supplementation around peripartum period can boost the immunity and improve the reproductive performance of crossbred cows in a semi-arid tropical environment.

In large societies like India is a huge demand to convert one human language into another. Lots of work has been done in this area. Many transfer based MTS have developed for English to other languages, as MANTRA CDAC Pune, MATRA CDAC Pune, SHAKTI IISc Bangalore and IIIT Hyderabad. Still, there is a little work done for Hindi to other languages. In this article, they focus on designing a system that translate the document from Hindi to English by using transfer based approach. This system takes an input text check its structure through parsing. Reordering rules are used to generate the text in target language. It is better than Corpus Based MTS because Corpus Based MTS require large amount of word aligned data for translation that is not available for many languages while Transfer Based MTS requires only knowledge of both the languages (source language and target language) to make transfer rules. They get correct translation for simple assertive sentences and almost correct for complex and compound sentences.

Evaluation plays a vital role in checking the quality of MT output. It is done either manually or automatically. Manual evaluation is very time consuming and subjective, hence use of automatic metrics is done most of the times. This paper evaluates the translation quality of different MT Engines for Hindi-English (Hindi data is provided as input and English is obtained as output) using various automatic metrics like BLEU, METEOR etc. Further the comparison automatic evaluation results with Human ranking have also been given.

In this article, the authors are introducing a new method of tree formation, they propose a coordinate based method by which they can store and access tree structures. As they know in NLP, parsing is the most important module. The output of this module is generally parsed trees. Currently, TAG (Tree Adjoining Grammar) is widely used grammar due to its linguistic and formal nature. It is simply tree generating system. The unit structure used in TAG is structured trees. So they used their new method to store trees where they worked on English to Hindi language. They worked on different sentences from English to Hindi, their method is the easiest way to manipulate tree. They have implemented within small corpus and for finite number of structures and further can be extended in future.

The anthelmintic activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of Abies pindrow was studied against earthworm Eisenia foetida (redworm). The ethanolic and aqueous extract was prepared by hot and cold respectively. Albendazole was used as the standard drug. The anthelmintic activity was carried out to study the effect of plant extract on adult earthworm Eisenia foetida (redworm), and noted down the paralysis time (Vermifuse), and death time (Vermicidal). It was found that both ethanolic and aqueous extract of bark of Abies pindrow found to have significant action against adult earthworm Eisenia foetida (redworm) at the dose of 25 mg/ml or more; which may be due to the presence of glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins and saponins in the extract. Thus it can be concluded that the bark of Abies pindrow can be used as anthelmintic agent.

Morphological analysis is an important part of Natural Language Processing. With this, the task of Machine translation becomes very easy. Morphological analyzer can be implemented effectively for the language which is rich in morphemes. Hindi is morphologically rich language. In this paper, the authors focus on the design of a morphological analyzer for Hindi language. The analyzer takes a Hindi sentence or a word as an input and analyzes it to generate its necessary features with its root words. The features will have categories: part of speech, gender, number, and person. The tool works on both inflectional and derivational morphemes. This works on rule based approach.

Evaluation plays a crucial role in development of Machine translation systems. In order to judge the quality of an existing MT system, i.e. if the translated output is of human translation quality or not, various automatic metrics exist. The authors are here to present the implementation results of different metrics when used on Hindi language along with their comparisons, illustrating how effective are these metrics on languages like Hindi (free word order language).

Micronutrients when fed around peripartum may reduce the stress induced by cortisol. With this objective, 24 Sahiwal (SW) and 24 Karan Fries (KF) cows and 24 Murrah (Mu) buffaloes were taken and divided into four groups of six each. Vitamin E (VE), zinc (Zn) and copper were supplemented from 30 days pre- to 30 days postcalving in groups 1, 2 and 3. Animals without supplementation served as control. Blood sampling was done on days 30, 15, 7 and 3 precalving; at calving; and on days 3, 7, 15 and 30 postcalving. Plasma cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Supplementation of VE and Zn significantly ( P  < 0.05) reduced plasma cortisol levels at calving and at 30 days postcalving. KF cows exhibited best results with VE, whereas SW cows and Mu buffaloes responded best to Zn. Copper increased the peripartum cortisol levels. Reduction in cortisol levels may help in keeping the animal healthy and stronger to fight immuno-suppression generally observed around the period of peripartum.

In large societies like India there is a huge demand to convert one human language into another. Lots of work has been done in this area. Many transfer based MTS have developed for English to other languages, as MANTRA CDAC Pune, MATRA CDAC Pune, SHAKTI IISc Bangalore and IIIT Hyderabad. Still there is a little work done for Hindi to other languages. Currently we are working on it. In this paper we focus on designing a system, that translate the document from Hindi to English by using transfer based approach. This system takes an input text check its structure through parsing. Reordering rules are used to generate the text in target language. It is better than Corpus Based MTS because Corpus Based MTS require large amount of word aligned data for translation that is not available for many languages while Transfer Based MTS requires only knowledge of both the languages(source language and target language) to make transfer rules. We get correct translation for simple assertive sentences and almost correct for complex and compound sentences.