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Limax maximus , or great gray slug, is a common agriculture pest. The pest infests crops during their growth phase, creating holes in vegetable leaves, particularly in seedlings and tender leaves. A study was conducted to assess the insecticidal activity of Ageratina adenophora extract against these slugs. Factors such as fecundity, growth, hatching rate, offspring survival rate, protective enzyme activity, and detoxifying enzyme activity were examined in slugs exposed to the extract’s sublethal concentration (LC 50 ) for two different durations (24 and 48 h). The phytochemical variability of the extracts was also studied. The LC 50 value of the A . adenophora extract against L . maximus was 35.9 mg/mL. This extract significantly reduced the hatching rate of eggs and the survival rate of offspring hatched from exposed eggs compared with the control. The lowest rates were observed in those exposed for 48 h. The survival, growth, protective enzyme, and detoxification activity of newly hatched and 40-day-old slugs decreased. The A . adenophora extract contained tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, possibly contributing to their biological effects. These results suggest that the extract could be used as an alternative treatment for slug extermination, effectively controlling this species.

An understanding of physiological damage and population development caused by uncomfortable temperature plays an important role in pest control. In order to clarify the adaptability of different temperatures and physiological response mechanism of B. dorsalis, we focused on the adaptation ability of this pest to environmental stress from physiological and ecological viewpoints. In this study, we explored the relationship between population parameters and glucose, glycogen, trehalose, and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase responses to high and low temperatures. Compared with the control group, temperature stress delayed the development duration of all stages, and the survival rates and longevity decreased gradually as temperature decreased to 0 °C and increased to 36 °C. Furthermore, with low temperature decrease from 10 °C to 0 °C, the average fecundity per female increased at 10 °C but decreased later. Reproduction of the species was negatively affected during high-temperature stresses, reaching the lowest value at 36 °C. In addition to significantly affecting biological characteristics, temperature stress influenced physiological changes of B. dorsalis in cold and heat tolerance. When temperature deviated significantly from the norm, the levels of substances associated with temperature resistance were altered: glucose, trehalose, and TPS levels increased, but glycogen levels decreased. These results suggest that temperature stresses exert a detrimental effect on the populations’ survival, but the metabolism of trehalose and glycogen may enhance the pest’s temperature resistance.

Limax maximus, or great gray slug, is a common agriculture pest. The pest infests crops during their growth phase, creating holes in vegetable leaves, particularly in seedlings and tender leaves. A study was conducted to assess the insecticidal activity of Ageratina adenophora extract against these slugs. Factors such as fecundity, growth, hatching rate, offspring survival rate, protective enzyme activity, and detoxifying enzyme activity were examined in slugs exposed to the extract's sublethal concentration (LC.sub.50) for two different durations (24 and 48 h). The phytochemical variability of the extracts was also studied. The LC.sub.50 value of the A. adenophora extract against L. maximus was 35.9 mg/mL. This extract significantly reduced the hatching rate of eggs and the survival rate of offspring hatched from exposed eggs compared with the control. The lowest rates were observed in those exposed for 48 h. The survival, growth, protective enzyme, and detoxification activity of newly hatched and 40-day-old slugs decreased. The A. adenophora extract contained tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, possibly contributing to their biological effects. These results suggest that the extract could be used as an alternative treatment for slug extermination, effectively controlling this species.

Limax maximus, or great gray slug, is a common agriculture pest. The pest infests crops during their growth phase, creating holes in vegetable leaves, particularly in seedlings and tender leaves. A study was conducted to assess the insecticidal activity of Ageratina adenophora extract against these slugs. Factors such as fecundity, growth, hatching rate, offspring survival rate, protective enzyme activity, and detoxifying enzyme activity were examined in slugs exposed to the extract's sublethal concentration (LC.sub.50) for two different durations (24 and 48 h). The phytochemical variability of the extracts was also studied. The LC.sub.50 value of the A. adenophora extract against L. maximus was 35.9 mg/mL. This extract significantly reduced the hatching rate of eggs and the survival rate of offspring hatched from exposed eggs compared with the control. The lowest rates were observed in those exposed for 48 h. The survival, growth, protective enzyme, and detoxification activity of newly hatched and 40-day-old slugs decreased. The A. adenophora extract contained tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, possibly contributing to their biological effects. These results suggest that the extract could be used as an alternative treatment for slug extermination, effectively controlling this species.

Limax maximus, or great gray slug, is a common agriculture pest. The pest infests crops during their growth phase, creating holes in vegetable leaves, particularly in seedlings and tender leaves. A study was conducted to assess the insecticidal activity of Ageratina adenophora extract against these slugs. Factors such as fecundity, growth, hatching rate, offspring survival rate, protective enzyme activity, and detoxifying enzyme activity were examined in slugs exposed to the extract's sublethal concentration (LC50) for two different durations (24 and 48 h). The phytochemical variability of the extracts was also studied. The LC50 value of the A. adenophora extract against L. maximus was 35.9 mg/mL. This extract significantly reduced the hatching rate of eggs and the survival rate of offspring hatched from exposed eggs compared with the control. The lowest rates were observed in those exposed for 48 h. The survival, growth, protective enzyme, and detoxification activity of newly hatched and 40-day-old slugs decreased. The A. adenophora extract contained tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, possibly contributing to their biological effects. These results suggest that the extract could be used as an alternative treatment for slug extermination, effectively controlling this species.

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) is a widespread and economically important insect pest, infesting various fruits and vegetables. Due to the instability of climate change in early spring and autumn, extreme cold and hot temperatures were developed in a short period of time. Exposure to sudden short-term high or low temperatures may affect the reproduction, development, and physiological changes of B. dorsalis. In this study, we determined the effects of short-term temperature treatments on the growth, development, fecundity, and trehalose metabolism of B. dorsalis. The results showed that development and reproduction of the flies were negatively affected when temperature was below 10 °C; or more than 31 °C, even causing permanent sterility at extreme temperatures. The changes of glucose, glycogen, trehalose, and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase level had a correlation with the population dynamics of the fruit flies. Our present study can provide a scientific basis for population monitoring, prediction, and comprehensive prevention of the fruit fly. An understanding of physiological damage and population development caused by uncomfortable temperature plays an important role in pest control. In order to clarify the adaptability of different temperatures and physiological response mechanism of B. dorsalis, we focused on the adaptation ability of this pest to environmental stress from physiological and ecological viewpoints. In this study, we explored the relationship between population parameters and glucose, glycogen, trehalose, and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase responses to high and low temperatures. Compared with the control group, temperature stress delayed the development duration of all stages, and the survival rates and longevity decreased gradually as temperature decreased to 0 °C and increased to 36 °C. Furthermore, with low temperature decrease from 10 °C to 0 °C, the average fecundity per female increased at 10 °C but decreased later. Reproduction of the species was negatively affected during high-temperature stresses, reaching the lowest value at 36 °C. In addition to significantly affecting biological characteristics, temperature stress influenced physiological changes of B. dorsalis in cold and heat tolerance. When temperature deviated significantly from the norm, the levels of substances associated with temperature resistance were altered: glucose, trehalose, and TPS levels increased, but glycogen levels decreased. These results suggest that temperature stresses exert a detrimental effect on the populations’ survival, but the metabolism of trehalose and glycogen may enhance the pest’s temperature resistance.

Background Dynamic changes in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels may serve as biomarkers for systemic therapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigates the AFP trajectories in patients receiving lenvatinib treatment and their relationship with survival. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 553 patients diagnosed with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) who received lenvatinib as a first-line systemic treatment at four centers between March 2019 and March 2022. The latent class linear mixed model was used to fit the dynamic changes of AFP and generate AFP trajectories. Multivariable Cox models were utilized to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for survival. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), while the secondary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Results Four distinct AFP trajectories were identified among patients with unresectable HCC: High-stable ( n  = 100), High-rising ( n  = 91), Sharp-falling ( n  = 117), and Low-stable ( n  = 245). Using the High-stable group as the reference, no statistically significant differences in OS and PFS were observed for the High-rising group. However, the Sharp-falling and Low-stable groups exhibited a reduced risk of death, with HRs of 0.28 (95% CI: 0.18–0.42, p  < 0.001) and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.25–0.71, p  = 0.001), respectively. Similarly, the risk of disease progression was lower in these groups, with HRs of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.24–0.47, p  < 0.001) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.23–0.55, p  < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion Four distinct AFP trajectories exist in uHCC patients receiving lenvatinib, serving as independent biomarkers for clinical outcomes. AFP trajectories provide valuable biomarkers for assessing treatment efficacy and optimizing therapeutic strategies.

As a core component of automated logistics systems, delivery robots hold significant application value in the field of unmanned delivery. This research addresses the robot path planning problem, aiming to enhance delivery efficiency and reduce operational costs through systematic improvements to the RIME optimization algorithm. Through in-depth analysis, we identified several major drawbacks in the standard RIME algorithm for path planning: insufficient global exploration capability in the initial stages, a lack of diversity in the hard RIME search mechanism, and oscillatory phenomena in soft RIME step size adjustment. These issues often lead to undesirable phenomena in path planning, such as local optima traps, path redundancy, or unsmooth trajectories. To address these limitations, this study proposes the Multi-Strategy Controlled Rime Algorithm (MSRIME), whose innovation primarily manifests in three aspects: first, it constructs a multi-strategy collaborative optimization framework, utilizing an infinite folding Fuch chaotic map for intelligent population initialization to significantly enhance the diversity of solutions; second, it designs a cooperative mechanism between a controlled elite strategy and an adaptive search strategy that, through a dynamic control factor, autonomously adjusts the strategy activation probability and adaptation rate, expanding the search space while ensuring algorithmic convergence efficiency; and finally, it introduces a cosine annealing strategy to improve the step size adjustment mechanism, reducing parameter sensitivity and effectively preventing path distortions caused by abrupt step size changes. During the algorithm validation phase, comparative tests were conducted between two groups of algorithms, demonstrating their significant advantages in optimization capability, convergence speed, and stability. Further experimental analysis confirmed that the algorithm’s multi-strategy framework effectively suppresses the impact of coordinate and dimensional differences on path quality during iteration, making it more suitable for delivery robot path planning scenarios. Ultimately, path planning experimental results across various Building Coverage Rate (BCR) maps and diverse application scenarios show that MSRIME exhibits superior performance in key indicators such as path length, running time, and smoothness, providing novel technical insights and practical solutions for the interdisciplinary research between intelligent logistics and computer science.

Objective This study sought to evaluate the consistency of functional level assessments conducted by nursing interns and an experienced nurse in elderly patients, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Rehabilitation Set (ICF-RS). Methods Forty-one elderly residents from a care facility in Guangzhou were included in this study. Functional evaluations were performed using the ICF-RS by six nursing interns and one experienced nurse. The consistency of assessments between the nursing interns, as well as between the interns and the experienced nurse, was measured using Kendall and Kappa coefficients. Results Consistency among the nursing interns was good, with Kendall coefficients greater than 0.6 for most categories, except for sexual function. However, the consistency between the nursing interns and the experienced nurse was lower in categories such as energy and drive functions (b130), sleep functions (b134), emotional functions (b152), pain sensation (b280), sexual functions (b640), and urination functions (b620), where Kappa coefficients were below 0.3. For other categories, consistency was deemed acceptable (Kappa > 0.3). Conclusion There is a need to enhance the training of nursing interns to ensure they can effectively utilize the ICF-RS assessment tool. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

Dynamic changes in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels may serve as biomarkers for systemic therapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigates the AFP trajectories in patients receiving lenvatinib treatment and their relationship with survival. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 553 patients diagnosed with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) who received lenvatinib as a first-line systemic treatment at four centers between March 2019 and March 2022. The latent class linear mixed model was used to fit the dynamic changes of AFP and generate AFP trajectories. Multivariable Cox models were utilized to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for survival. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), while the secondary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Four distinct AFP trajectories were identified among patients with unresectable HCC: High-stable (n = 100), High-rising (n = 91), Sharp-falling (n = 117), and Low-stable (n = 245). Using the High-stable group as the reference, no statistically significant differences in OS and PFS were observed for the High-rising group. However, the Sharp-falling and Low-stable groups exhibited a reduced risk of death, with HRs of 0.28 (95% CI: 0.18-0.42, p < 0.001) and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.25-0.71, p = 0.001), respectively. Similarly, the risk of disease progression was lower in these groups, with HRs of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.24-0.47, p < 0.001) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.23-0.55, p < 0.001), respectively. Four distinct AFP trajectories exist in uHCC patients receiving lenvatinib, serving as independent biomarkers for clinical outcomes. AFP trajectories provide valuable biomarkers for assessing treatment efficacy and optimizing therapeutic strategies.