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COVID-19 patients exhibit differential disease severity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is currently unknown as to the correlation between the magnitude of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses and the disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In a cohort of 59 recovered patients with disease severity including severe, moderate, mild, and asymptomatic, we observed the positive correlation between serum neutralizing capacity and disease severity, in particular, the highest NAb capacity in sera from the patients with severe disease, while a lack of ability of asymptomatic patients to mount competent NAbs. Furthermore, the compositions of NAb subtypes were also different between recovered patients with severe symptoms and with mild-to-moderate symptoms. These results reveal the tremendous heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb responses and their correlations to disease severity, highlighting the needs of future vaccination in COVID-19 patients recovered from asymptomatic or mild illness.

In order to fully assess the protection of Limestone cultural relics from all forms of deterioration in Zhejiang Province, this study explored the relationship between the strength, longitudinal wave velocity and water absorption of limestone surface through indoor and field tests, and obtained a set of scientific evaluation methods for evaluating the surface weathering degree of limestone cultural relics. The results show: the surface layer strength of limestone and water absorption, longitudinal wave velocity and water absorption have obvious laws, good fitting effect, all have strong negative correlation; the humidity environment has a greater effect on the water absorption of limestone surface layer, the lower the humidity of the test environment, the more obvious the pattern between the strength of limestone surface layer, longitudinal wave velocity and water absorption. The study of water absorption on rock surfaces concluded that water absorption is closely related to the degree of weathering, which plays an important role in the further conservation of limestone cultural relics.

In this article, hot-pressed PZT ceramics were used as a sensitive element material and made into a pyroelectric chip. Three current mode sensors were fabricated using a pyroelectric chip of different thicknesses (80 μm, 40 μm, and 30 μm). The voltage responsivity of sensors reached the order of magnitude of 105. The size effect resulting from varying the thickness was studied. The results indicate that as the thickness decreases, the performance significantly increases. When the modulation frequency is 10 Hz, the specific detectivity of the sensor with a 30 μm PZT ceramic pyroelectric chip reaches 5.3 × 108 cm·Hz1/2/W.

One-step hydrogenation of phenol is a preferable and economic route for preparing cyclohexanone. The development of catalysts with high catalytic performance and easy recovery still keeps a significant challenge. Herein, the novel ZIF-derived hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers (ZCNFs) were fabricated by electrospinning and calcination with ZIF-67 as the nanoparticles precursor and PAN as the CNFs precursor, and they were used as the supports of Pd nanoparticles for preparing the Pd@ZCNFs-x catalysts [x is the mass ratio of ZIF-67 to PAN (%)]. Pd@ZCNFs-20 exhibits superior catalytic performance in the phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone, and its catalytic activity is 2.2 times higher than that of Pd@ZCNFs-0. The ZIF-67 doping is in favor of the formation of ZCNFs with more defects, larger surface area, hierarchical pore structure, higher N content and better Pd dispersion, thereby improving the catalytic activity. Furthermore, the as-prepared Pd@ZCNFs-20 catalyst is easy to be recovered from the reaction mixture due to its one-dimensional structure, and shows good reusability during six reaction cycles. In view of the high catalytic performance and reusability of the Pd@ZCNFs catalysts, the developed hybrid ZCNFs are potential candidates for the phenol hydrogenation.Graphic AbstractThe ZIF-67 doping is in favor of the formation of ZIF-derived hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers (ZCNFs) with more defects, larger surface area, hierarchical pore structure, higher N content and better Pd dispersion, thereby improving the catalytic activity of Pd@ZCNFs in the phenol hydrogenation to cyclohexanone.

Given the serious economic burden that citrus diseases impose on fruit farmers and related industries, achieving rapid and accurate disease detection is particularly crucial. In response to the challenges posed by resource-limited platforms and complex backgrounds, this paper designs and proposes a lightweight method for the identification and localization of citrus diseases based on the RT-DETR-r18 model—GYS-RT-DETR. This paper proposes an optimization method for target detection that significantly enhances model performance through multi-dimensional technology integration. First, this paper introduces the following innovations in model structure: (1) A Gather-and-Distribute Mechanism is introduced in the Neck section, which effectively enhances the model’s ability to detect medium to large targets through global feature fusion and high-level information injection.(2) Scale Sequence Feature Fusion (SSFF) is used to optimize the Neck structure to improve the detection performance of the model for small targets in complex environments. (3) The Focaler-ShapeIoU loss function is used to solve the problems of unbalanced training samples and inaccurate positioning. Secondly, the model adopts two model optimization strategies: (1) The Group_taylor local pruning algorithm is used to reduce memory occupation and the number of computing parameters of the model. (2) The feature-logic knowledge distillation framework is proposed and adopted to solve the problem of information loss caused by the structural difference between teachers and students, and to ensure a good detection performance, while realizing the lightweight character of the model. The experimental results show that the GYS-RT-DETR model has a precision of 79.1%, a recall of 77.9%, an F1 score of 78.0%, a model size of 23.0 MB, and an mAP value of 77.8%. Compared to the original model, the precision, recall, the F1 score, the mAP value, and the FPS value have improved by 3.5%, 5.3%, 5.0%, 5.3%, and 10.3 f/s, respectively. Additionally, the memory usage of the GYS-RT-DETR model has decreased by 25.5 MB compared to the original model. The GYS-RT-DETR model proposed in this article can effectively detect various citrus diseases in complex backgrounds, addressing the time-consuming nature of manual detection and improving the accuracy of model detection, thereby providing an effective theoretical basis for the automated detection of citrus diseases.

Flexible and hierarchical nanostructured Pd/SiO 2 -TiO 2 nanofibrous catalytic membranes were fabricated via combining electrospinning technique and a two-step hydrothermal method. The size and distribution of TiO 2 nanorods immobilised on SiO 2 nanofibrous membranes can be regulated via adjusting the dosage of TiCl 3 solution in the first step hydrothermal process. When using an optimal TiCl 3 solution dosage of 0.2 mL, a hierarchical structured Pd/SiO 2 -TiO 2 -0.2 nanofibrous catalytic membrane with uniformly dense TiO 2 nanorods loaded on SiO 2 nanofibers is obtained, and still shows good tensile strength and flexibility. The catalytic activity of Pd/SiO 2 -TiO 2 -0.2 increases 5 times as compared to Pd/SiO 2 -TiO 2 -0 in the reduction of p-nitrophenol (PNP) to p-aminophenol (PAP). The modification with TiO 2 nanorods can provide more surface areas for loading the Pd nanoparticles, thereby increased active sites. The three-dimensional open-cell network stacked and assembled by thousands of SiO 2 nanofibers and TiO 2 nanorods enhances the contact between the reactants and Pd nanoparticles. Both aspects contribute the superior catalytic activity of Pd/SiO 2 -TiO 2 -0.2. Furthermore, a continuous and complete conversion of PNP to PAP can be stably operated over 240 min in a gravity-driven catalytic membrane reactor constructed by Pd/SiO 2 -TiO 2 -0.2.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men worldwide. This study was designed to investigate the potential of Ribosomal Protein L22-like1 (RPL22L1) and Ribosomal Protein S21 (RPS21) as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PCa. First, RPL22L1 and RPS21 were screened as the key molecular of PCa by bioinformatics analysis. Subsequently, the prostate tissue samples were stained for antibodies against RPL22L1 and RPS21. The unbiased signal quantification was performed by ImageJ software, and the results showed that the expression of RPL22L1 and RPS21 exhibited significant differences between the PCa tissues and the normal prostate tissues. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were prepared, and then the area under the curve (AUC) values of RPL22L1 and RPS21 were calculated as 0.798 and 0.768, and the likelihood ratio (LR) values of RPL22L1 and RPS21 were calculated as 2.86 and 2.53. These data implied that the over-expression of RPL22L1 and RPS21 is associated with the presence of PCa. The further analysis suggested that the expression of RPL22L1 and RPS21 were significantly higher in high Gleason grade than they were in low Gleason grade. In addition, in vitro studies were undertaken to evaluate the roles of RPL22L1 and RPS21 in PCa. The results revealed that these genes promote PCa cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibit PCa cell apoptosis. Taken together, these data showed that RPL22L1 and RPS21 exhibited higher expression in human prostate cancer tissue, and involved in PCa cell proliferation and invasion. This research provided a novel insight into diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PCa.

Epigenetic modifications to histones dictate the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into different subsets of effector T helper (TH) cells. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has been implicated in the mechanism regulating the differentiation of TH1, TH2 and regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, whether and how EZH2 regulates follicular helper T (TFH) cell differentiation remain unknown. Using a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, we observed abundant EZH2 expression and associated H3K27me3 modifications preferentially in the early committed virus-specific TFH cells compared to those in TH1 cells. Ablation of EZH2 in LCMV-specific CD4+ T cells leads to a selective impairment of early TFH cell fate commitment, but not late TFH differentiation or memory TFH maintenance. Mechanistically, EZH2 specifically stabilizes the chromatin accessibility of a cluster of genes that are important for TFH fate commitment, particularly B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6), and thus directs TFH cell commitment. Therefore, we identified the chromatin-modifying enzyme EZH2 as a novel regulator of early TFH differentiation during acute viral infection.

The adaptive immunity that protects patients from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is not well characterized. In particular, the asymptomatic patients have been found to induce weak and transient SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown; meanwhile, the protective immunity that guide the recovery of these asymptomatic patients is elusive. Here, we characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell and T-cell responses in 10 asymptomatic patients and 64 patients with other disease severity (mild, n  = 10, moderate, n  = 32, severe, n  = 12) and found that asymptomatic or mild symptomatic patients failed to mount virus-specific germinal center (GC) B cell responses that result in robust and prolonged humoral immunity, assessed by GC response indicators including follicular helper T (T FH ) cell and memory B cell responses as well as serum CXCL13 levels. Alternatively, these patients mounted potent virus-specific T H 1 and CD8 + T cell responses. In sharp contrast, patients of moderate or severe disease induced vigorous virus-specific GC B cell responses and associated T FH responses; however, the virus-specific T H 1 and CD8 + T cells were minimally induced in these patients. These results, therefore, uncovered the protective immunity in asymptomatic patients and also revealed the strikingly dichotomous and incomplete humoral and cellular immune responses in COVID-19 patients with different disease severity, providing important insights into rational design of effective COVID-19 vaccines.