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Background Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus ( C Las) is the most prevalent pathogen causing the globally prevalent citrus Huanglongbing (HLB). The citrus relative Citrus australasica F. Muell. shows tolerance to HLB. In this study, we grafted HLB-tolerant Ca (C. australasica) and HLB-susceptible Cs ( C. sinensis) Osbeck branches onto healthy C. reticulate Blanco ‘Shatangju’ (SH) and C Las-infected (SI) rootstocks. Results To understand HLB tolerance mechanisms in C. australasica , a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data of leaves from Ca SH, Ca SI, Cs SH, and Cs SI was conducted. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Ca SI and Ca SH were enriched in acridone alkaloid biosynthesis. In contrast, some DEGs between Cs SI and Cs SH were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathway. Several differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between Ca SI and Ca SH were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, whereas several DEPs between Cs SI and Cs SH were enriched in amino acids biosynthesis. In response to C Las infection, several genes involved in amino acid metabolism pathway and citrate cycle pathway showed opposite trends in C. australasica and C. sinensis . Among these genes with opposite expression trends, it is noteworthy that in response to HLB, arogenate/prephenate dehydratase and phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase in phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis remained stable in C. australasica. In addition, glutamate dehydrogenase and amino acid N-acetyltransferase, which are involved in arginine metabolism, were up-regulated in C Las-infected C. australasica . The expression levels of isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and aconitate hydratase, which are involved in the citrate cycle, were higher in Ca SI than in Cs SI. Conclusions These data suggest that the stabilization of phenylalanine biosynthesis and the up-regulation of arginine biosynthesis contribute to HLB-tolerance of C. australasica , and that the changes in enzymes in the citrate cycle pathway and flow of carbon sources to arginine biosynthesis reduce the energy supply for HLB pathogens. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of HLB-tolerance in C. australasica , and provide a theoretical molecular basis for breeding HLB-tolerant citrus varieties.

Chinese goldthread (Coptis chinensis Franch.) represents one of the most important medicinal plants with diverse medicinal applications, but it easily suffers from continuous cropping obstacles in the plantation. In this study, we have selected eight different continuously cropped fields with C. chinensis and fallow field, providing detailed information regarding the diversity and composition of the rhizospheric bacterial communities. We have found a significant difference between fallow field (LH) and other continuously cropped fields in soil pH; the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; and soil enzyme activities. The results indicate that continuous cropping had a significant effect on soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities under different plant cultivations. The relative abundance of bacterial phyla was significantly altered among the fields; for example, proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were observed to be higher in continuous cropping of maize (HY6) and lower in sweet potato continuous cropping (HH). Alpha diversity analysis showed that different plants with different years of continuous cropping could change the diversity of bacterial communities, among which the effect of maize and Polygonum multiflorum continuous cropping were most significant. Principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed that continuously cropped C. chinensis (LZ) and cabbage continuously cropped for 2 years (HS) were slightly clustered together and separated from LH and others. The results showed that the similarity of the bacterial community in the same crop rotation was higher, which further indicated that the bacterial community structure was significantly altered by the continuous cropping system and plant species. Our study provides a foundation for future agricultural research to improve microbial activity and increase crops/cash-crops productivity under a continuous cropping system and mitigate continuous cropping obstacles.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and barriers to service (KAPB) among dental practitioners regarding oral health care during pregnancy. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental practitioners in 14 cities in Guangxi, China, selected by convenience sampling between November 2024 and January 2025, using a self-designed questionnaire with confirmed reliability and validity to assess KAPB. KAPB scores were calculated by summing item points. The Mann–Whitney U test or Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to compare score distributions across different demographic and professional characteristics. Multiple linear regression and correlation analyses were performed to identify factors associated with KAPB scores. Results A total of 765 valid questionnaires were collected, among which 355 (46.4%) participants reported having received pregnancy-related oral healthcare training. The mean scores were as follows: knowledge, 10.41 ± 3.37 (range: 0–16); attitude, 34.36 ± 7.02 (range: 8–40); practice, 21.82 ± 4.29 (range: 6–30); and service barriers, 29.10 ± 4.56 (range: 8–40). Educational level, professional title, geographic location, hospital type, and hospital tiers were identified as significant factors influencing KAPB scores ( P <0.05). Knowledge scores were positively correlated with attitude, practice, and service barrier scores ( P <0.001). Conclusion Dental practitioners generally exhibited positive attitudes toward providing oral health care during pregnancy in Guangxi. However, their knowledge and practical competencies remain suboptimal, with several barriers hindering service delivery. Enhanced continuing education is recommended to bridge these gaps, particularly for dental practitioners with lower educational backgrounds or professional titles, and those working in private, primary-tier, or institutions in economically underdeveloped areas.

Nanoselenium (nano-Se) foliar application is crucial for enhancing plant health. However, the mechanism by which nano-Se biofortification promotes the nutritional components of Siraitia grosvenorii remains unclear. In this study, nano-Se foliar application increased the carbohydrate and amino acid contents, including glucose (23.6%), fructose (39.7%), sucrose (60.6%), tryptophan (104.5%), glycine (85.9%), tyrosine (78.4%), phenylalanine (60.1%), glutamic acid (63.4%), and proline (52.5%). Nano-Se application enhanced apigenin (3.8 times), syringic acid (0.7 times), and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid (1.4 times) of the phenylpropane biosynthesis pathways. Importantly, the SgCDS (31.1%), CYP-P450 (39.1%), and UGT (24.6%) were induced by nano-Se, which enhanced the mogroside V content (16.2%). Compared to the control, nano-Se treatment dramatically enhanced aromatic substances, including 2-butanone (51.9%), methylpropanal (146.3%), n-nonanal dimer (141.7%), pentanal (52.5%), and 2-pentanone (46.0%). In summary, nano-Se improves S. grosvenorii quality by increasing nutrients and volatile organic compounds and adjusting the phenylpropane pathway.

Plant species and cropping systems influence rhizospheric fungal communities’ composition, diversity, and structure. The fungus community is one of the main factors behind soil health and quality. Yet, there is insufficient evidence and research on the effect of plant species with continuous cropping histories on the rhizospheric fungal community. In order to investigate how the fungal community responds to the various plant species and cropping systems, we have chosen one field that is left fallow along with eight continuously farmed areas to research. Among the eight phyla, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was significantly higher in Polygonum multiflorum, which was continuously cropped in fields for two years (P2). Basidiomycota was considerably higher in the fallow field (CK). Among the 1063 genera, the relative abundance of Fusarium was significantly higher in maize continuous-cropped fields for six years (M6), followed by Fritillaria thunbergii continuous-cropped fields for two years (F2), and found lower Fusarium abundance in CK. The alpha diversity observed in taxa, Chao1, and phylogenetic diversity indices were significantly higher in M2. β-diversity found that the fungal communities in the samples clustered from the fields in the same year were quite similar. In all the soil samples, the saprotrophic trophic type was the most common among the OTUs that had been given a function. Our studies have proved that continuous cropping and plant species changed the fungal community’s composition, diversity, and structure. This research may serve as a guide for overcoming significant agricultural challenges and advancing the industry’s sustainable growth.

Background: Leaves are the main organs involved in photosynthesis. They capture light energy and promote gas exchange, and their size and shape affect yield. Identifying the regulatory networks and key genes that control citrus leaf size is essential for increasing citrus crop yield. Methods: In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on three leaf materials: the ‘Cuimi’ kumquat (Nor) variety and its leaf variants, larger-leaf (VarB) and smaller-leaf (VarS) varieties. Results: Correlation and principal component analyses revealed a relatively close correlation between Nor and VarS. A total of 7264 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 2374 transcription factors (TFs), were identified, and 254 DEGs were common among the three materials. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed significant enrichment in glucose metabolism, cell wall composition, starch biosynthesis, and photosynthesis pathways. WGCNA identified three specific modules related to the different leaf sizes of these three citrus materials. Fifteen candidate genes related to leaf size, including three transcription factors, Fh5g30470 (MYB), Fh7g07360 (AP2/ERF), and Fh5g02470 (SAP), were identified on the basis of connectivity and functional annotations. Conclusions: These findings provide a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying citrus leaf size and offer new genetic resources for the study of citrus leaf size.

The damage of T. urticae in China was first reported in the 1980s. Since 1990, T. urticae has caused serious damage in apple producing areas in China, and the damage has further spread and aggravated, resulting in huge economic losses[7] . First of all, weeds should be uprooted on the edge of the field regularly, and the residual plants and leaves should be removed to reduce the environment and places suitable for the survival of T. urticae. [...]starting from the optimum temperature and humidity, too low or too high temperature and too high relative humidity is not conducive to the growth, development and reproduction of T. urticae. [...]in the actual production process, it can effectively inhibit the growth, development and reproduction of T. urticae by more watering and irrigation to maintain the relative humidity in the environment. In recent years, acaricides have been developed to the direction of heterocyclic acaricides that inhibit the respiratory metabolism of mites[27]. [...]while paying attention to the development of new agents, chemical control should also pay close attention to the dynamic change of the resistance of harmful mites to existing acaricides.

Nanoselenium (nano-Se) foliar application is crucial for enhancing plant health. However, the mechanism by which nano-Se biofortification promotes the nutritional components of Siraitia grosvenorii remains unclear. In this study, nano-Se foliar application increased the carbohydrate and amino acid contents, including glucose (23.6%), fructose (39.7%), sucrose (60.6%), tryptophan (104.5%), glycine (85.9%), tyrosine (78.4%), phenylalanine (60.1%), glutamic acid (63.4%), and proline (52.5%). Nano-Se application enhanced apigenin (3.8 times), syringic acid (0.7 times), and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid (1.4 times) of the phenylpropane biosynthesis pathways. Importantly, the SgCDS (31.1%), CYP-P450 (39.1%), and UGT (24.6%) were induced by nano-Se, which enhanced the mogroside V content (16.2%). Compared to the control, nano-Se treatment dramatically enhanced aromatic substances, including 2-butanone (51.9%), methylpropanal (146.3%), n-nonanal dimer (141.7%), pentanal (52.5%), and 2-pentanone (46.0%). In summary, nano-Se improves S. grosvenorii quality by increasing nutrients and volatile organic compounds and adjusting the phenylpropane pathway.

Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis and for cells to adapt to nutrient deficiency, and nutrient sensors regulating autophagy have been reported previously. However, the role of eiptranscriptomic modifications such as m 6 A in the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy is unclear. Here, we show that the m 6 A reader YTHDF3 is essential for autophagy induction. m 6 A modification is up-regulated to promote autophagosome formation and lysosomal degradation upon nutrient deficiency. METTL3 depletion leads to a loss of functional m 6 A modification and inhibits YTHDF3-mediated autophagy flux. YTHDF3 promotes autophagy by recognizing m 6 A modification sites around the stop codon of FOXO3 mRNA. YTHDF3 also recruits eIF3a and eIF4B to facilitate FOXO3 translation, subsequently initiating autophagy. Overall, our study demonstrates that the epitranscriptome regulator YTHDF3 functions as a nutrient responder, providing a glimpse into the post-transcriptional RNA modifications that regulate metabolic homeostasis. The role of eiptranscriptomic modifications in autophagy is unclear. Here, the authors show that the m 6 A reader YTHDF3 functions as a nutrient responder to recognize upregulated m 6 A modification, promoting FOXO3 translation to subsequently initiate autophagy.

The Golgi apparatus lies at the heart of the secretory pathway where it is required for secretory trafficking and cargo modification. Disruption of Golgi architecture and function has been widely observed in neurodegenerative disease, but whether Golgi dysfunction is causal with regard to the neurodegenerative process, or is simply a manifestation of neuronal death, remains unclear. Here we report that targeted loss of the golgin GM130 leads to a profound neurological phenotype in mice. Global KO of mouse GM130 results in developmental delay, severe ataxia, and postnatal death. We further show that selective deletion of GM130 in neurons causes fragmentation and defective positioning of the Golgi apparatus, impaired secretory trafficking, and dendritic atrophy in Purkinje cells. These cellular defects manifest as reduced cerebellar size and Purkinje cell number, leading to ataxia. Purkinje cell loss and ataxia first appear during postnatal development but progressively worsen with age. Our data therefore indicate that targeted disruption of the mammalian Golgi apparatus and secretory traffic results in neuronal degeneration in vivo, supporting the view that Golgi dysfunction can play a causative role in neurodegeneration.