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Key message This study found that three paralogous R2R3-MYB transcription factors exhibit functional divergence among different subspecies and cultivated types in radish. Cultivated radish taproots exhibit a wide range of color variations due to unique anthocyanin accumulation patterns in various tissues. This study investigated the universal principles of taproot color regulation that developed during domestication of different subspecies and cultivated types. The key candidate genes RsMYB1 and RsMYB2 , which control anthocyanin accumulation in radish taproots, were identified using bulked segregant analysis in two genetic populations. We introduced the RsMYB1 - RsF3′H - RsMYB1 Me t genetic model to elucidate the complex and unstable genetic regulation of taproot flesh color in Xinlimei radish. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression patterns of three R2R3-MYB transcription factors in lines with different taproot colors and investigated the relationship between RsMYB haplotypes and anthocyanin accumulation in a natural population of 56 germplasms. The results revealed that three paralogous RsMYB s underwent functional divergence during radish domestication, with RsMYB1 regulating the red flesh of Xinlimei radish, and RsMYB2 and RsMYB3 regulating the red skin of East Asian big long radish ( R. sativus var. hortensis ) and European small radish ( R. sativus var. sativus ), respectively. Moreover, RsMYB1-H1 , RsMYB2-H10 , and RsMYB3-H6 were identified as the primary haplotypes exerting regulatory functions on anthocyanin synthesis. These findings provide an understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating anthocyanin synthesis in radish and offer a potential strategy for early prediction of color variations in breeding programs.

Salt stress has a detrimental impact on crop yield, quality, and profitability. The tau-like glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a significant group of enzymes that play a crucial role in plant stress responses, including salt stress. In this study, we identified a tau-like glutathione transferase family gene from soybean named GmGSTU23. Expression pattern analysis revealed that GmGSTU23 was predominantly expressed in the roots and flowers and exhibited a concentration–time-specific pattern in response to salt stress. Transgenic lines were generated and subjected to phenotypic characterization under salt stress. The transgenic lines exhibited increased salt tolerance, root length, and fresh weight compared to the wild type. Antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content were subsequently measured, and the data revealed no significant differences between the transgenic and wild-type plants in the absence of salt stress. However, under salt stress, the wild-type plants exhibited significantly lower activities of SOD, POD, and CAT than the three transgenic lines, whereas the activity of APX and the content of MDA showed the opposite trend. We identified changes in glutathione pools and associated enzyme activity to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the observed phenotypic differences. Notably, under salt stress, the transgenic Arabidopsis’s GST activity, GR activity, and GSH content were significantly higher than those of the wild type. In summary, our findings suggest that GmGSTU23 mediates the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and glutathione by enhancing the activity of glutathione transferase, thereby conferring enhanced tolerance to salt stress in plants.

Cultivated radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) has fleshy, edible taproot, while wild radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum L.) has woody, non-edible taproot. Formation of fleshy taproot is the most important landmark event in the evolution and domestication of wild radish to cultivated radish. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. Histological studies revealed that the decrease of secondary cell wall deposition in the xylem cells was critical for fleshy taproot formation. To find the key genes involved in this process, comparative transcriptome studies were carried out among three fleshy cultivated and one woody wild radish species. We identified 2861 common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) which were enriched in secondary cell wall biogenesis-related pathways. Moreover, based on the expression profiles, a NAC transcription factor RsSND1 (Rsa10039519), the first layer master regulator in the biosynthesis of secondary cell wall, was identified and chosen for further analysis. Overexpression of RsSND1 in Arabidopsis led to stunted plant growth, ectopic deposition of secondary wall in parenchymatous cells of xylem, and increased secondary wall thickness of vessels. Moreover, genetic variation analysis of RsSND1 in 55 natural accessions identified four and two SNPs in exons and downstream regions, respectively, which would be related to fleshy taproot evolution. Together, our results revealed that RsSND1 regulated deposition of secondary cell wall and involved in fleshy taproot formation.

Salt stress has a detrimental impact on crop yield, quality, and profitability. The tau-like glutathione transferases (GSTs) represent a significant group of enzymes that play a crucial role in plant stress responses, including salt stress. In this study, we identified a tau-like glutathione transferase family gene from soybean named GmGSTU23. Expression pattern analysis revealed that GmGSTU23 was predominantly expressed in the roots and flowers and exhibited a concentration-time-specific pattern in response to salt stress. Transgenic lines were generated and subjected to phenotypic characterization under salt stress. The transgenic lines exhibited increased salt tolerance, root length, and fresh weight compared to the wild type. Antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content were subsequently measured, and the data revealed no significant differences between the transgenic and wild-type plants in the absence of salt stress. However, under salt stress, the wild-type plants exhibited significantly lower activities of SOD, POD, and CAT than the three transgenic lines, whereas the activity of APX and the content of MDA showed the opposite trend. We identified changes in glutathione pools and associated enzyme activity to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of the observed phenotypic differences. Notably, under salt stress, the transgenic Arabidopsis's GST activity, GR activity, and GSH content were significantly higher than those of the wild type. In summary, our findings suggest that GmGSTU23 mediates the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and glutathione by enhancing the activity of glutathione transferase, thereby conferring enhanced tolerance to salt stress in plants.

High-entropy oxides (HEOs) consist of multiple principal metal cations and oxygen anions, which enhances compositional versatility and promotes the emergence of atypical properties within oxide materials. Nonetheless, precisely shaping HEOs in hollow nanostructures remains a significant challenge due to the disparate nucleation and growth kinetics of the various metal oxide compositions in HEOs. Herein, we present a strategy for the synthesis of multicomponent hollow nanocubes HEOs libraries from ternary to octonary. We utilized a template-assisted route inspired by coordinating etching and integrating thermal treatment to synthesize HEOs hollow nanocubes through the selection of coordinating etchant and optimization of the reaction conditions. This approach demonstrates the potential for precisely designing high-quality HEOs hollow nanocubes with diverse compositions at low temperature, with promising prospects for various applications. A template-assisted route inspired by coordinating etching was utilized for the synthesis of noble metal-free, ternary through octonary, hollow HEO nanocubes through optimization of the coordinating etchant and reaction conditions.

The heterogeneity of triple‐negative breast cancers (TNBC) remains challenging for various treatments. Ferroptosis, a recently identified form of cell death resulting from the unrestrained peroxidation of phospholipids, represents a potential vulnerability in TNBC. In this study, a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)‐driven nanomotor is developed for effective therapy of TNBC through induction of ferroptosis. Through bioinformatics analysis of typical ferroptosis‐associated genes in the FUSCCTNBC dataset, gambogic acid is identified as a promising ferroptosis drug and loaded it into the nanomotor. It is found that the rapid motion of nanomotors propelled by HIFU significantly enhanced tumor accumulation and penetration. More importantly, HIFU not only actuated nanomotors to trigger effective ferroptosis of TNBC cells, but also drove nanomotors to activate ferroptosis‐mediated antitumor immunity in primary and metastatic TNBC models, resulting in effective tumor regression and prevention of metastases. Overall, HIFU‐driven nanomotors show great potential for ferroptosis‐immunotherapy of TNBC. Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a significant treatment challenge due to its heterogeneous nature. Researchers have developed a nanomotor powered by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to deliver a ferroptosis drug, which is identified through bioinformatics analysis. This HIFU‐responsive nanomotor is able to trigger ferroptosis, activate the immune system, reduce tumor growth, and prevent metastasis in TNBC models.

IntroductionPaste backfilling serves as a key approach for goaf management and mine solid waste disposal. This study investigates the rheological properties of ultra-fine flotation phosphate tailings utilized as backfill aggregates.MethodsTo investigate the pipeline transport characteristics of high-concentration ultra-fine full phosphate tailings under both pumping and gravity flow conditions, this research employed a self-designed industrial-scale paste loop testing system. The pipeline resistance loss of the backfill slurry under various working conditions was systematically measured, and the influence degree of different factors on this resistance was quantified. Furthermore, the rheological parameters of the slurry under different conditions were calculated based on the Bingham fluid model. This allowed for the determination of the slurry's flow regime and critical velocity, and ultimately enabled the back-calculation of the feasible pipeline flow gradient for gravity flow under multiple factor conditions.Results1) Flow velocity had the most significant impact on pipeline resistance loss, followed by flow rate, binder-to-tailings ratio, slurry concentration, and pipe diameter. 2) The flow regime of the backfill slurry was most stable when the flow velocity ranged between 1.4 m/s and 1.8 m/s. 3) Under pumping conditions, the Reynolds number of the backfill slurry was significantly less than 2100, indicating a laminar flow regime within the pipeline. 4) A slurry with a mass concentration of 68% achieved a gravity flow gradient between 7.5 and 9.5 in a pipeline with an internal diameter of 150 mm, confirming the feasibility of gravity flow transport.DiscussionThis study demonstrates that the full phosphate tailings from the Kunyang Phosphate Mine No. 2 are ideal for backfilling due to their favorable gradation. Systematic analysis identified an appropriate pipe diameter range corresponding to economical flow velocities and revealed the weighting of factors affecting pipeline resistance. Flow regime analysis based on the Bingham model confirmed laminar flow within the pipeline, with higher-concentration slurries exhibiting more pronounced structural flow characteristics and a higher critical velocity. Semi-industrial tests finally verified that the 68% concentration slurry can be transported via gravity flow within a pipeline gradient of 10. In conclusion, this research provides crucial theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing pipe diameter, reducing the binder-to-tailings ratio, and controlling flow velocity to achieve economically efficient backfilling while ensuring transport stability.