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A study into the preparation and grinding of a grain mixture containing 7% flax seeds was carried out in order to obtain a composite wheat-flax flour in which the entire biopotential of flax seeds was preserved. It was revealed that the preparation of the components of the grain mixture should be carried out independently, in parallel flows. The optimal extraction conditions for the wheat-flax mixture were determined, which were the following: Extraction (%)/Ash content (%) on three break systems (in terms of I break system–grain)—53.5/1.00 for the I break system; 22.2/1.11 for the second break system; 75.7/1.035 total for I + II break systems; 81.0/1.1 total for I + II + III break systems. Technological schemes have been developed and new grades of wheat-flax flour have been created with predetermined technological properties and increased nutritional value. Peculiarities of the distribution of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and basic enzyme systems in the new grades of wheat-flax flour obtained from a binary mixture consisting of 93% wheat and 7% flax seeds were revealed. It was shown that the total fat content in flour from two-component mixtures increased by approximately four times, and the total protein content in the studied samples increased by 1–2%. An increase in the proportion of the albumin-globulin fraction in wheat-flax flour samples was noted. The activity of acid lipases is approximately 1.5 times higher than the activity of alkaline lipases in the studied samples of wheat-flax flour. The content of linoleic acid (ω-6) in the samples of wheat-flax flour is 1.6–3.3 times higher than in wheat flour; the content of linolenic acid (ω-3) in wheat-flax flour samples is 36.8–57.2 times higher than in wheat flour (taking into account the total fat content in the samples). Bread from new grades of flour received a high tasting score. The enrichment of wheat flour due to the entire phytopotential of flax seeds will make it possible to compensate for the lack of PUFA family in the diet of a modern person and to obtain products of a balanced composition.

Characteristics of the distribution of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and basic enzyme systems (amylase, protease, lipase) in the formed varieties of wheat-flax flour obtained from a binary mixture consisting of 93% of wheat and 7% of flax seeds were revealed. It was indicated that the total lipids content in flour from two-component mixtures increases about 4 times, and the total protein content in the studied samples increases by 1-2%. An increase of the ratio of the albumin-globulin fraction content in wheat-flax flour samples to alcohol and alkali-soluble proteins content, as well as to its content in wheat flour, in which the part of gluten proteins prevails, was registered. The activity of proteases and amylases in the formed samples of wheat-flax flour changes, but not significantly, and the activity of alkaline lipases (cereal lipases) remains unchanged, while the activity of acid lipases (oilseed lipases) is approximately 1.5 times higher than the activity of alkaline lipases in the studied samples of wheat-flax flour. The content of linoleic acid (ω-6) in wheat-flax flour samples is 1.6...3.3 times higher than in wheat flour; the content of linolenic acid (ω-3) in wheat-flax flour samples is 36.8...57.2 times higher than in wheat flour (taking into account the total lipids content in the samples). The enrichment of wheat flour due to the entire phytopotential of flax seeds allows to make up the deficiency of PUFA family in the diet of a modern person and to obtain products on a grain basis of a balanced composition.

A study of the preparation and milling of a grain mixture containing 7% of flax seeds has been carried out in order to obtain a composite wheat-flax flour, in which the entire biopotential of flax seeds was preserved. During the wheat grain preparation the cold conditioning was carried out, the modes of which were the following: humidity - 15.5%, dwell time in the water - 24 hours. The optimal conditions for milling the wheat-flax mixture have been determined, which are the following: yield (%) / ash content (%) in 3 break systems (in terms of the 1st break system - grain) for the first break system - 53.5 / 1.00; for the second break system. - 22.2 / 1.11; totally for the first and the second break systems - 75.7 / 1.035; totally for the first, the second and the third break systems - 81.0 / 1.1. The technological schemes have been developed and the new varieties of wheat-flax flour with predetermined technological properties and increased nutritional value have been formed. The approximate indices of yield and quality of the new wheat-flax flour varieties are the following: Flour A - yield 45-50%, lipids 3.6-4.0%, protein 13-13.5%, ash 0.55-0.70%, whiteness-50 conventional units; Flour B - yield 20-25%, lipids 5.5-6.0%, protein 14-14.5%, ash 0.9-1.25%, whiteness - 22 conventional units; Flour C - yield 70-75%, lipids 4.5-5.0%, protein 13.6-14.0%, ash 0.75-0.90%, whiteness - 36 conventional units.

The study has been carried out at the All-Russian Research Institute of Grain and Its Processing Products. This paper describes the formation of new grades of triticale flour based on the cumulative ash curves the analysis of technological and biochemical indicators of which showed that flour of the grades T-60, T-70 and T-80 obtained from endosperm can be used directly in bakery, flour of the grades T-120 and T-220 obtained from peripheral parts and triticale bran can be limitedly used in bakery, and are mainly raw materials for further processing. On the basis of the study of the kinetics and efficiency of the effect of proteolytic and cellulolytic enzyme preparations (EP) and their compositions, optimal conditions for enzymatic modification (the EP dosage is 0.5-0.75 units of PA/g of flour, 0.3...0.4 units of CA/g of bran, the optimum temperature is 40-50C, pH is 5.0 and 3.5, the duration of reactions is 1.5 and 2 hours) have been determined. It has been shown using the gel-chromatography method that the use of multienzyme compositions (MEC) of proteases allowed to hydrolyze triticale flour proteins completely and to use the obtained hydrolyzate as a component of hypoallergenic and gluten-free flour products. The use of cellulolytic EP allowed to increase the amount of reducing substances and soluble protein by 1.5-2.5 times in comparison with the control sample. The biomodified bran obtained using the MEC \"Shearzyme 500 L\" + \"Neutrase 1.5 MG\" and \"Viscoferm L\" + \"Distizym Protacid Extra\" has a high degree of hydrolysis of non-starch polysaccharides and proteins, is characterized by a certain ratio of high-, medium-, low-molecular peptides and amino acids, has different functional and technological properties. They can be used in the production of a wide range of general-purpose, functional and treatment-and-prophylactic food products

Recent studies highlighted the importance of astrocyte-secreted molecules, such as ATP, for the slow modulation of synaptic transmission in central neurones. Biophysical mechanisms underlying the impact of gliotransmitters on the strength of individual synapse remain, however, unclear. Here we show that purinergic P2X receptors can bring significant contribution to the signalling in the individual synaptic boutons. ATP released from astrocytes facilitates a recruitment of P2X receptors into excitatory synapses by Ca 2+ -dependent mechanism. P2X receptors, co-localized with NMDA receptors in the excitatory synapses, can be activated by ATP co-released with glutamate from pre-synaptic terminals and by glia-derived ATP. An activation of P2X receptors in turn leads to down-regulation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors via Ca 2+ -dependent de-phosphorylation and interaction with PSD-95 multi-protein complex. Genetic deletion of the PSD-95 or P2X4 receptors obliterated ATP-mediated down-regulation of NMDA receptors. Impairment of purinergic modulation of NMDA receptors in the PSD-95 mutants dramatically decreased the threshold of LTP induction and increased the net magnitude of LTP. Our findings show that synergistic action of glia- and neurone-derived ATP can pre-modulate efficacy of excitatory synapses and thereby can have an important role in the glia-neuron communications and brain meta-plasticity.

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is the only observable that allows studying the earliest stage of the Universe. Radioastronomy instruments for CMB investigation require low working temperatures around 100 mK to get the necessary sensitivity. On-chip electron cooling of receivers is a pathway for future space missions due to problems of dilution fridges at low gravity. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that in a Cold-Electron Bolometer (CEB) a theoretical limit of electron cooling down to 65 mK from phonon temperature of 300 mK can be reached. It is possible due to effective withdrawing of hot electrons from the tunnel barrier by double stock, special traps and suppression of Andreev Joule heating in hybrid Al/Fe normal nanoabsorber.

Background Anti-angiogenic therapy is a clinically validated method for cancer treatment. It was previously revealed that concurrent targeting of angiogenic and death receptor signaling pathways by a multivalent DR5-specific cytokine TRAIL variant DR5-B genetically fused with the effector peptides, SRH-DR5-B-iRGD, enhances solid tumor suppression and prolongs survival. The SRH peptide is aimed at blocking the tumor neoangiogenesis by preventing activation of the VEGFR2 receptor, while the iRGD peptide interferes with the activation of integrin α v β 3 , and enhances the tumor penetration. Here, we investigated how the antiangiogenic activity of the SRH-DR5-B-iRGD fusion protein contributes to its antitumor effects. Methods An integrated approach has been applied involving molecular modeling of SRH-DR5-B-iRGD binding to DR5 receptor, optoacoustic (OA) and optical coherence tomography-based microangiography (OCT-MA) imaging of the vessel networks in xenografts of human glioblastoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma in nude mice, supported by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for vascularization marker CD31, and in vitro and in vivo bioactivity studies. Results Molecular modeling has demonstrated that genetic fusion of DR5-B with the SRH and iRGD peptides not only enables the engagement of additional tumor targets VEGFR2 and integrin α v β 3 /NRP-1, but also improves the interaction with DR5 receptor. OA imaging of the vessel network in xenograft tumor nodes of human glioblastoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma displayed a decrease in the vessel fraction in DR5-B-treated xenograft tumors, with the effect being even more pronounced in SRH-DR5-B-iRGD-treated tumor nodes. This data was consistent with the reduction in the number of perfused vessels in DR5-B and SRH-DR5-B-iRGD-treated tumors as quantified by OCT-MA, and also correlate well with the data obtained by IHC staining and tumor growth inhibition. Conclusion Ameliorated interaction with the DR5 receptor and imparting antiangiogenic properties to the multivalent fusion protein SRH-DR5-B-iRGD resulted in improved antitumor activity compared to DR5-B. Thereby, SRH-DR5-B-iRGD can be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of vascularized solid tumors.

The multicomponent Sm0.2(Tb,Y)0.8Fe2 system was obtained by the arc melting method, in which atoms with a high magnetic moment of terbium are replaced by yttrium atoms that do not carry a noticeable magnetic moment. In this system, varying not only the composition, but also external factors (temperature, magnetic field, etc.), it is possible to influence competing exchange interactions and observe a number of unique phenomena, such as, for example, the phenomenon of magnetic compensation. Using the method of high-temperature and low-temperature X-ray diffraction, the phase composition and atomic-crystalline structure of the Sm0.2(Tb1-xYx)0.8Fe2 alloys (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) were studied. The temperature dependences of the unit cell parameters were obtained in a wide temperature range from 80 to 700 K. Thermal expansion was investigated by strain-gauge method. The temperatures of magnetostructural phase transitions are determined, and a magnetic phase diagram is constructed.

(ZrO 2 ) 1 − x −   y (Y 2 O 3 ) x (CeO 2 ) y ( x  = 0.08–0.10; y  = 0.0–0.01) solid solution crystals were grown by skull melting technique. The effects of CeO 2 addition on the crystal structure and high-temperature conductivity of the crystals have been investigated. According to X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, it was found that Ce cations in crystals are present mainly as Ce 4+ ions. The study of the grown crystals by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy showed that all the grown crystals were single-phase and had either a tetragonal t`` or cubic structure, the latter having crystals containing 10 mol% Y 2 O 3 and doped with CeO 2 . Doping of the crystals with CeO 2 was accompanied by a linear increase in the lattice parameter. This indicates the entry of CeO 2 into the crystal lattice with the formation of a solid solution. The study of the ionic conductivity of crystals by impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range 400–900 °C showed that the substitution of Zr 4+ ions with Ce 4+ ions manifests itself in different ways and can either increase or decrease the value of high-temperature conductivity depending on the content of stabilizing yttrium oxide. Possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.