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This volume represents a collection of life histories of women who live in rural Haryana. It looks at the impact of the 73rd Amendment to India's constitution, which introduced reservations in the political arena for women. The Panchayati Raj Act of 1992 reserved one third of all Sarpanch positions for women, and granted constitutional status to the Panchayat system, outlining its specific functions and jurisdiction. This book enhances existing scholarship on the impact of these changes in that it provides the opportunity for women Sarpanches from Haryana to speak for themselves and reflect upon their journey. Ten elected women Sarpanches share their stories about their lives, from childhood to adolescence to adulthood. Their life histories address the following questions: Who are these women who agreed to run for a reserved seat in the elections? What motivated them? Why were they asked to run? What barriers do they face? Do they feel they are making a difference? Indeed, these stories reflect the lived realities of the women impacted by the changes in legislation.

Looking back at my first two years, I wonder whether it's any easier to take an administrative position at a new place, where one has the opportunity to redefine oneself and start new. Since I became an administrator at the same school where I received tenure, there was some baggage. [...] members of your office staff probably have been in their positions longer than you, and have worked with all members of the unit at some level.

In the past three decades, development economists have not only acknowledged the existence of what has been named the urban informal sector, but have emphasized its impact on rural to urban migration, GDP growth rate and urban poverty. Important questions that economists have about this sector are: how should governments in developing countries approach a growing informal sector? Does affirmative government intervention raise the incomes of participants in this sector who directly benefit from such intervention? Does helping this sector lead to an increase in rural to urban migration? We examine some of these issues by profiling the participants in this sector and analyzing the impact of government policies to organize street vendors in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Seventy-six vendors in the City Council markets were surveyed for this purpose. Our survey analysis reveals some surprising results and confirms some stylized facts about vendors in the informal sector in Guayaquil, Ecuador. En las últimas tres décadas, los economistas no sólo han admitido la existencia de lo que se ha denominado sector urbano informal, sino que han enfatizado su impacto en la migración rural-urbana, el crecimiento del PIB y la pobreza urbana. Las cuestiones que se plantean son: ¿cómo deben tratar los gobiernos de los países en vías de desarrollo el creciente sector informal? La intervención afirmativa del gobierno de si hace subir los ingresos de los participantes en este sector, ¿quienes se benefícian directamente de tal intervención? ¿Resulta un aumento de la migración rural-urbana si se ayuda a este sector? Examinamos algunos de esos asuntos y analizamos el efecto de las políticas gubernamentales en la organización de ambulantes en Guayaquil, Ecuador. Con ese propósito, hicimos encuestas entre 76 ambulantes en los mercados del ayuntamiento de la ciudad. Nuestra encuesta revela resultados sorprendentes y confirma algunos hechos del sector informal en dicha ciudad. Pendant les trois dernières décades, les économistes ont non seulement admis l'existence de ce qui a été dénommé secteur urbain informel, mais ils ont mis l'accent sur son impact dans la migration rurale urbaine, dans la croissance du PIB et dans la pauvreté urbaine. Les questions posées sont: comment les gouvernements des pays en voie de développement doivent-ils traiter ce croissant secteur informel? L'intervention affirmative du gouvernement pour savoir si elle fait monter les revenus des participants dans ce secteur, qui se voit bénéficié directement par cette intervention? est-ce que le fait d'aider ce secteur provoque une augmentation de la migration rurale? Nous examinerons quelques uns de ces points et nous analyserons l'effet des politiques gouvernementales dans l'organisation des itinérants à Guayaquil, Equateur. C'est dans ce but que nous avons fait des enquêtes parmi 76 vendeurs itinérants dans les marchés du secteur municipal de la ville. Notre enquête révèle des résultats surprenants et elle confirme certains faits du secteur informel. Nos últimos três decenios, os economistas não só admitiram a existência do que tem se denominado como setor urbano informal, senão que enfatizaram seu impacto na migração rural-urbana o crescimento do pib e qa pobreza urbana. As questões que se expõem são: como é que os governos dos países em desenvolvimento devem tratar o crescente setor informal? A intervenção afirmativa do governo de se incrementa os ingressos dos participantes neste setor. Quens serão diretamente beneficiados por tal intervenção? Resulta um aumento da migração rural-urbana se ajuda-se a este setor? Examinamos alguns destes assuntos e analizamos o efeito das políticas governamentais na organização de ambulantes em Guayaquil, Ecuador. Com esse propósito, fìzemos enquestes entre 76 ambulantes nos mercados do ajuntamento da cidade. Nosso enqueste evidencia resultados surpreendentes e confere alguns fatos do setor informal na cidade.

The practice of dowry in India has been theoretically linked to a number of factors including the nature of residence and inheritance system, women's role in production, kinship organizations, relative availability of potential spouses, and social stratification in society. This article empirically examines dowries in India and provides an institutional and economic rationale for the existence and continued prevalence of the system. Using data on marriage transactions and on the personal and family traits of marital partners the article demonstrates that payments of dowry serve to equalize the measurable differences in individual characteristics of the bride's and groom's and their respective households. Thus, dowry qualifies as the \"price\" paid for a \"good match\" in the marriage market. Results also reveal that the form of inheritance system, the residence of the bride after marriage, and the gender ratio of marriageable women to men have no effect on the incidence and size of dowry.

When considering the current state of public discourse about diversity, inclusion, and free speech, Pareena G. Lawrence begins this article on two hopeful notes: First, Americans celebrate diversity more fervently than their peers in other countries, and second, we've gotten through divisive times in our national history before. In the hope that these two points suggest reasons for optimism the author asks how may we argue with one another about issues that are perceived as divisive and troubling. Lawrence then asks readers to consider how faculty and administrators may respond to controversy, and how we can best manage the problems that often surround a controversy--problems of legal rights and responsibilities, safety and security on campus, allocation of budget resources, and--not least--the emotional lives of students. The author touches on what is perhaps the most intractable problem of all: how we may proceed when people do not want to argue, but instead are determined to provoke.

En las últimas tres décadas, los economistas no sólo han admitido la existencia de lo que se ha denominado sector urbano informal, sino que han enfatizado su impacto en la migración rural-urbana, el crecimiento del PIB y la pobreza urbana. Las cuestiones que se plantean son: ¿cómo deben tratar los gobiernos de los países en vías de desarrollo el creciente sector informal? La intervención afirmativa del gobierno de si hace subir los ingresos de los participantes en este sector, ¿quienes se benefician directamente de tal intervención? ¿Resulta un aumento de la migración rural-urbana si se ayuda a este sector? Examinamos algunos de esos asuntos y analizamos el efecto de las políticas gubernamentales en la organización de ambulantes en Guayaquil, Ecuador. Con ese propósito, hicimos encuestas entre 76 ambulantes en los mercados del ayuntamiento de la ciudad. Nuestra encuesta revela resultados sorprendentes y confirma algunos hechos del sector informal en dicha ciudad.