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The unprecedented speed of COVID-19 vaccine development and approval has raised public concern about its safety. However, studies on public discourses and opinions on social media focusing on adverse events (AEs) related to COVID-19 vaccine are rare. This study aimed to analyze Korean tweets about COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax) after the vaccine rollout, explore the topics and sentiments of tweets regarding COVID-19 vaccines, and examine their changes over time. We also analyzed topics and sentiments focused on AEs related to vaccination using only tweets with terms about AEs. We devised a sophisticated methodology consisting of 5 steps: keyword search on Twitter, data collection, data preprocessing, data analysis, and result visualization. We used the Twitter Representational State Transfer application programming interface for data collection. A total of 1,659,158 tweets were collected from February 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022. Finally, 165,984 data points were analyzed after excluding retweets, news, official announcements, advertisements, duplicates, and tweets with <2 words. We applied a variety of preprocessing techniques that are suitable for the Korean language. We ran a suite of analyses using various Python packages, such as latent Dirichlet allocation, hierarchical latent Dirichlet allocation, and sentiment analysis. The topics related to COVID-19 vaccines have a very large spectrum, including vaccine-related AEs, emotional reactions to vaccination, vaccine development and supply, and government vaccination policies. Among them, the top major topic was AEs related to COVID-19 vaccination. The AEs ranged from the adverse reactions listed in the safety profile (eg, myalgia, fever, fatigue, injection site pain, myocarditis or pericarditis, and thrombosis) to unlisted reactions (eg, irregular menstruation, changes in appetite and sleep, leukemia, and deaths). Our results showed a notable difference in the topics for each vaccine brand. The topics pertaining to the Pfizer vaccine mainly mentioned AEs. Negative public opinion has prevailed since the early stages of vaccination. In the sentiment analysis based on vaccine brand, the topics related to the Pfizer vaccine expressed the strongest negative sentiment. Considering the discrepancy between academic evidence and public opinions related to COVID-19 vaccination, the government should provide accurate information and education. Furthermore, our study suggests the need for management to correct the misinformation related to vaccine-related AEs, especially those affecting negative sentiments. This study provides valuable insights into the public discourses and opinions regarding COVID-19 vaccination.

\"Taking a thematic and theoretical approach, this textbook examines international organisations (IOs) and their effectiveness in solving global issues. Through the lens of international relations theory, it focuses on eight key issue areas central to international relations: conflict; weapons; human rights; global health; financial governance; international trade; political and economic unions; development, and the environment. Capturing the best and most up-to-date scholarly research and empirical examples from around the world, the book enables students to develop the theoretical tools to evaluate IOs and answer the key question, 'are IOs a help or a hindrance?'. Text features include suggestions for further reading, questions, highlighted key terms and supplementary online resources, as well as text boxes providing demonstrations of how additional theories and concepts apply to specific IOs in the issue areas discussed. This textbook is an essential resource for undergraduate and graduate courses on global governance, international organisations, and international relations\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background A regular menstrual cycle is an important indicator of a healthy reproductive system. Previous studies reported obesity, stress, and smoking as the factors that are associated with irregular menstruation and early menopause. However, the integrative effects of these modifiable risk factors have not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the modifiable risk factors of menstrual cycle irregularity and premature menopause, as well as their individual and combined effects among adult women in Korea. Method This study selected adult women aged 19 years and above who had been included in the 2007–2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We used a separate dataset to analyze the risk factors of menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause (pre- and postmenopausal women: n  = 4788 and n  = 10,697, respectively). Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of smoking, drinking, obesity, and perceived level of stress on the menstrual cycle and menopause. Both logit and linear models were used in the analyses of the association between smoking and menopausal age. Equivalized household income, marital status, and educational level were considered as covariates. The modifiable risk factor scores were also calculated to integrate the effect of smoking, drinking, and obesity in the analysis. Result Results showed that smoking status, pack-year, obesity, and perceived level of stress were significantly associated with irregular menstruation among premenopausal women. Especially, women demonstrating > 3 modifiable risk factor scores had 1.7 times higher risk of having irregular menstruation than those who had a 0 score. Meanwhile, early initiation of smoking (≤19 years) and high pack-year (≥5) were also significantly associated with premature menopause among postmenopausal women. Conclusion This study demonstrated that modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, and stress, were significantly associated with menstrual cycle irregularity. Lifetime smoking was also correlated with early menopause. Our results suggested that healthier lifestyle practices, including, cessation of smoking, weight control, and stress management, were important factors in improving the reproductive health of women throughout life.

\"This book examines how accountability is central to how governments, the private sector, non-government organizations, and hybrid associations have different understandings of how to protect and govern the environment, and how this shapes how they hold themselves to account for doing so. The volume's contributions examine how accountability is being used, in what is termed an accountability trap: those with the authority for governing the environment devise accountability mechanisms to hold themselves to account while not necessarily improving their outcomes and therefore impact on the environment. The scope of the book is wide-ranging, covering climate change, biodiversity, global value chains, fisheries, and trade in illegal wildlife. The book is unique in looking beyond public accountability for states and inter-governmental organizations, to advance the debate on whether private sector associations and non-governmental organizations can also be held to account\" -- Provided by publisher.

This book shows how environmentalists have shaped the world's largest multilateral development lender, investment financier and political risk insurer to take up sustainable development. The book challenges an emerging consensus over international organisational change to argue that international organisations (IOs) are influenced by their social structure and may change their practices to reflect previously antithetical norms such as sustainable development. This important text locates sources of organisational change with environmentalists, thus demonstrating the ways in which non-state actors can effect change within large intergovernmental organisations through socialisation. It combines a theoretically sophisticated account of international organisation change with detailed empirical evidence of change in one issue area across three institutions. The book will be of interest to academics, postgraduate and upper undergraduate students in international relations, international political economy, environmental politics, development and globalisation studies and geography as well as policy makers, international bureaucrats and development practitioners.

Subthreshold depression (StD) is associated an increased risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidality. Suicidality could be linked to distress intolerance and use of context-dependent strategies. We identified neural correlates of executive functioning among the hubs in the resting-state functional connectome (rs-FCN) and examined associations with recent suicidality in StD and MDD. In total, 79 young adults [27 StD, 30 MDD, and 23 healthy controls (HC)] were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurocognitive measures of the mean latency to correct five moves in the One Touch Stockings of Cambridge (OTSMLC5), spatial working memory between errors (SWMBE), rapid visual information processing A′ (RVPA′), and the stop signal reaction time in the stop signal test (SSTSSRT) were obtained. Global graph metrics were calculated to measure the network integration, segregation, and their balance in the rs-FCN. Regional graph metrics reflecting the number of neighbors (degree centrality; DC), participation in the shortcuts (betweenness centrality; BC), and accessibility to intersections (eigenvector centrality; EC) in the rs-FCN defined group-level hubs for StD, HC, and MDD, separately. Global network metrics were comparable among the groups (all P  > 0.05). Among the group-level hubs, regional graph metrics of left dorsal anterior insula (dAI), right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), right rostral temporal thalamus, right precuneus, and left postcentral/middle temporal/anterior subgenual cingulate cortices were different among the groups. Further, significant associations with neurocognitive measures were found in the right dmPFC with SWMBE, and left dAI with SSTSSRT and RVPA′. Shorter OTSMLC5 was related to the lower centralities of right thalamus and suffer of recent 1-year suicidal ideation (all Ps < 0.05 in ≥ 2 centralities out of DC, BC, and EC). Collectively, salience and thalamic networks underlie spatial strategy and planning, response inhibition, and suicidality in StD and MDD. Anti-suicidal therapies targeting executive function and modulation of salience-thalamic network in StD and MDD are required.

Background Rapid population aging in Korea has intensified the need for emotional and health-related support among older adults, especially in rural regions facing depopulation and limited care resources. Conversational artificial intelligence (AI) call systems have emerged as potential tools for monitoring daily well-being and detecting early signs of psychological distress. This study examined the association between conversational patterns in a conversational AI call service and risk of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults, integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses to evaluate the system’s feasibility and limitations. Methods This cross-sectional study included 2,896 adults aged 65 years or older residing in Jeongeup City, who used the Naver Clova AI CareCall service and completed a survey between May and August 2024. We linked 37,294 call records with survey data to compare service utilization patterns between high-risk (Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form score ≥ 2) and low-risk groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of the risk of depressive symptoms. We reviewed 73 conversation cases containing depressive cues, categorized into ten subthemes based on World Health Organization’s criteria. Three researchers independently assessed AI detection accuracy as correct, misinterpreted, or missed. Results Among all participants, 42.0% were classified as high-risk for depressive symptoms. They were older, more likely to live alone, received social assistance more frequently, and reported poorer health. The high-risk group had fewer positive responses, more negative and unasked responses, and longer call durations. After adjustment, average negative responses (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04–1.35), unasked domains (aOR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03–1.21), and longer call time (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00–1.02) were associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms. Qualitative findings revealed expressions such as appetite loss, fatigue, and hopelessness, though the AI frequently misinterpreted or failed to detect them due to contextual or speech-recognition errors. Conclusions This study provides real-world evidence that conversational and linguistic features in AI call service are associated with the risk of depressive symptoms among older adults in rural communities. AI call service may complement mental health monitoring by enabling early detection of emotional distress. However, limited contextual understanding and variable user acceptance highlight the need for continued technical refinement and integration with professional interpretation.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can persistently infect humans, but how HCMV avoids humoral immunity is not clear. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) controls IgG transport from the mother to the fetus and prolongs IgG half-life. Here we show that US11 inhibits the assembly of FcRn with β 2 m and retains FcRn in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consequently blocking FcRn trafficking to the endosome. Furthermore, US11 recruits the ubiquitin enzymes Derlin-1, TMEM129 and UbE2J2 to engage FcRn, consequently initiating the dislocation of FcRn from the ER to the cytosol and facilitating its degradation. Importantly, US11 inhibits IgG-FcRn binding, resulting in a reduction of IgG transcytosis across intestinal or placental epithelial cells and IgG degradation in endothelial cells. Hence, these results identify the mechanism by which HCMV infection exploits an ER-associated degradation pathway through US11 to disable FcRn functions. These results have implications for vaccine development and immune surveillance. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can persist for the life of a host in the face of robust immune responses owing to a wide range of immune evasion strategies. Here Liu and colleagues show that HCMV evades the IgG-mediated response by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the neonatal Fc receptor for IgG.