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\"Villains start to mysteriously escape Arkham and Batman seeks to track them down, but he discovers that they have left Gotham completely--and gone to the New York City of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\"--Back cover.

A regimen substituting brentuximab vedotin for bleomycin improved 3-year event-free survival among children and adolescents with Hodgkin’s lymphoma by nearly 10 percentage points without a major increase in toxic effects.

Human activity is drastically altering the habitat use of natural populations. This has been documented as a driver of phenotypic divergence in a number of wild animal populations. Here, we show that urban and rural populations of red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) from London and surrounding boroughs are divergent in skull traits. These changes are primarily found to be involved with snout length, with urban individuals tending to have shorter and wider muzzles relative to rural individuals, smaller braincases and reduced sexual dimorphism. Changes were widespread and related to muscle attachment sites and thus are likely driven by differing biomechanical demands of feeding or cognition between habitats. Through extensive sampling of the genus Vulpes , we found no support for phylogenetic effects on skull morphology, but patterns of divergence found between urban and rural habitats in V. vulpes quantitatively aligned with macroevolutionary divergence between species. The patterns of skull divergence between urban and rural habitats matched the description of morphological changes that can occur during domestication. Specifically, urban populations of foxes show variation consistent with ‘domestication syndrome’. Therefore, we suggest that occurrences of phenotypic divergence in relation to human activity, while interesting themselves, also have the potential to inform us of the conditions and mechanisms that could initiate domestication. Finally, this also suggests that patterns of domestication may be developmentally biased towards larger patterns of interspecific divergence.

Managing the impacts of vessel noise on marine fauna requires identifying vessel numbers, movement, behaviour, and acoustic signatures. However, coastal and inland waters are predominantly used by ‘small’ (<25 m-long) vessels, for which there is a paucity of data on acoustic output. We reviewed published literature to construct a dataset (1719 datapoints) of broadband source levels (SLs) from 17 studies, for 11 ‘Vessel Types’. After consolidating recordings that had associated information on factors that may affect SL estimates, data from seven studies remained (1355 datapoints) for statistical modelling. We applied a Generalized Additive Mixed Model to assess factors (six continuous and five categorical predictor variables) contributing to reported SLs for four Vessel Types. Estimated SLs increased through ‘Electric’, ‘Skiff’, ‘Sailing’, ‘Monohull’, ‘RHIB’, ‘Catamaran’, ‘Fishing’, ‘Landing Craft’,’ Tug’, ‘Military’ to ‘Cargo’ Vessel Types, ranging between 130 and 195 dB re 1µPa m across all Vessel Types and >29 dB range within individual Vessel Types. The most parsimonious model (22.7% deviance explained) included ‘Speed’ and ‘Closest Point of Approach’ (CPA) which displayed non-linear, though generally positive, relationships with SL. Similar to large vessels, regulation of speed can reduce SLs and vessel noise impacts (with consideration for additional exposure time from travelling at slower speeds). However, the relationship between speed and SLs in planing hull and semi-displacement vessels can be non-linear. The effect of CPA on estimated SL is likely a combination of propagation losses in the shallow study locations, often-neglected surface interactions, different methodologies, and that the louder Vessel Types were often recorded at greater CPAs. Significant effort is still required to fully understand SL variability, however, the International Standards Organisation’s highest reporting criteria for SLs requires water depths that often only occur offshore, beyond the safe operating range of small vessels. Additionally, accurate determination of monopole SLs in shallow water is complicated, requiring significant geophysical information along the signal path. We suggest the development of appropriate shallow-water criteria to complete these measurements using affected SLs and a comprehensive study including comparable deep- and shallow-water measures.

Healthy diet during preconception and pregnancy is evidenced to benefit maternal health and reduce risk of non-communicable diseases in offspring (such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and mental health problems)(1). In the UK, population-based initiatives (e.g., Healthy Start Schemes, drop-in sessions at Family Hubs), and antenatal appointments (7-10) with midwives have the potential to influence dietary behaviours during pregnancy. However, despite policy, guidance and initiatives, nutritional recommendations in the prenatal period are not being met and healthcare professionals can struggle to support the delivery of nutritional advice(1–3). This study aimed to understand: the facilitators and barriers to healthy food and diet practices during preconception and pregnancy; how these barrier(s) could be addressed, and the changes required to facilitate good food practices. The research used a qualitative exploratory approach. Women (aged > 18 years) living across the UK, who were trying to conceive, pregnant or had babies under 6-months old, were recruited to attend a virtual focus group. Focus groups were led using a topic guide including ‘prompt’ questions; they were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim by a professional agency, and thematically analysed according to the stages offered by Braun and Clarke(4). Ethical approval was granted by the University of Hertfordshire Health, Science, Engineering & Technology Ethics Committee with Delegated Authority [protocol number: HSK/SF/UH/04840]. Five focus groups were conducted with 19 participants (aged 18-44 years). Participants were trying to conceive (n = 3, 15.7%), pregnant (n = 3, 15.7%) or had babies under 6 months old (n = 15, 78.9%). Participants resided in England (n = 6, 31.6%), Wales (n = 4, 21.1%), Scotland (n = 4, 21.1%) and Northern Ireland (n = 5, 26.3%). The findings revealed three main themes (Challenges of trying to eat healthily; Facilitators to eating healthily; Changes required) and eight subthemes (Mothers’ load; Body sabotage; Food environment; Information not individualised; Planning skills; Family support; Co-creation and investment for the future; Access to professional advice). Participants spoke of internal factors (such as tiredness and nausea) and external influences (for example, their financial situation and local food environment) that impacted their ability to eat healthily. There was a view that the one dimensional ‘do not eat…’ (P16) instruction was ‘disempowering’ (P1) and in prepregnancy and pregnancy women needed to be empowered to eat healthily. Participants identified online apps, group sessions (as part of antenatal courses) and/or one-to-one advice in GP practices from nutritionists or dietitians, as potential mechanisms for facilitating healthy diets. There is a need for clear, consistent, engaging and culturally appropriate dietary information that is co-created with pregnant women and those trying to conceive, as well as access to professionals (such as nutritionists and dietitians) who can give both generic and tailored advice.

Hedgerows are a key component of the UK landscape that form boundaries, borders and limits of land whilst providing vital landscape‐scale ecological connectivity for a range of organisms. They are diverse habitats in the agricultural landscape providing a range of ecosystem services. Poorly managed hedgerows often present with gaps, reducing their ecological connectivity, resulting in fragmented habitats. However, hedgerow gap frequency and spatial distributions are often unquantified at the landscape‐scale. Here we present a novel methodology based on deep learning (DL) that is coupled with high‐resolution aerial imagery. We demonstrate how this provides a route towards a rapid, adaptable, accurate assessment of hedgerow and gap abundance at such scales, with minimal training data. We present the training and development of a DL model using the U‐Net architecture to automatically identify hedgerows across the East Riding of Yorkshire (ERY) in the UK and demonstrate the ability of the model to estimate hedgerow gap types, lengths and their locations. Our method was both time efficient and accurate, processing an area of 2479 km2 in 32 h with an overall accuracy of 92.4%. The substantive results allow us to estimate that in the ERY alone, there were 3982 ± 302 km of hedgerows and 2865 ± 217 km of hedgerow gaps (with 339 km classified as for access). Our approach and study show that hedgerows and gaps can be extracted from true colour aerial imagery without the requirement of elevation data and can produce meaningful results that lead to the identification of prioritisation areas for hedgerow gap infilling, replanting and restoration. Such replanting could significantly contribute towards national tree planting goals and meeting net zero targets in a changing climate. Hedgerows are a diverse habitat and act as wildlife corridors for traversing the agricultural landscape, however they can become fragmented due to poor management, reducing their ecological connectivity. Here we present a novel deep learning framework to quantify hedgerows and hedgerow gaps across the East Riding of Yorkshire in the UK that has high accuracy (F1=0.924). The results presented herein could be used to prioritise gap infilling to contribute to net zero and increase ecological connectivity at the landscape‐scale.

Chemical compositions of sediment pore waters are presented from 13 piston and gravity cores that were collected on ∼24 Ma crust of the Cocos Plate seaward of the Middle America Trench and near the onset of crustal faulting from subduction. Cores were collected mainly within a 1.75 km2 area overlying a buried basement topographic high that supports an elevated heat flux, consistent with seawater transport within the upper volcanic crust. Systematic variations in pore water chemical profiles indicate upward seepage speeds (up to 1.7 cm yr−1 providing a net flux of 0.1 L s−1), constrain the chemical composition of the formation water within the underlying upper basaltic basement, and elucidate diagenetic reactions in the sediment. Relative to seawater, formation water has an elevated temperature (70–80°C) and concentrations or values of Ca, chlorinity, Sr, Ba, Li, Fe, Mn, Si, Cs, D/H, and Mo, and lower concentrations or values of Mg, Na, sulfate, alkalinity, TCO2, K, B, F, phosphate, 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, δ18O, U, and Rb. Although this site is located only 30 km from the trench axis, there is no chemical evidence for subduction‐related hydrologic influences. Instead, the data are explained by a combination of seawater‐basalt reactions within the upper basement and diffusive exchange with overlying sediment, as part of a shallow, ridge‐flank hydrothermal system. It is unclear why this site has an elevated heat flux relative to neighboring crust, but this may result from variations in crustal properties or modification related to flexural faulting outboard of the trench. Plain Language Summary An area of elevated volcanic rock buried below sediment west of the Middle American Trench is unusually warm, with temperatures of 70–80°C compared to more regional‐distributed crust that is vigorously cooled (10–20°C) from circulating seawater (formation water) within the upper volcanic crust. Because of the proximity to subduction‐related crustal faults, sediment cores were collected from this area of warm crust and interstitial sediment pore waters were extracted and analyzed to assess if and how this area with a high heat flux is linked to subduction processes, potentially providing a source of water that serpentinizes the underlying mantle. Chemical data from sediment pore waters confirm upward seepage, the composition of crustal formation water in underlying volcanic rocks, and the extent of reactions as the formation water ascended the sediment column. Crustal formation water appears to be unaffected by nearby plate subduction. Instead, this warm and chemically altered formation water defines a ridge‐flank hydrothermal system, which is distinct from hydrothermal systems to the west and south. How this hydrothermal system became isolated is unknown, but it could be a result of aging and evolving crustal properties or of plate faulting related to subduction processes. Key Points Pore water chemical profiles reveal sediment diagenesis, seepage speeds up to 1.7 cm yr−1, and discharge from 1.75 km2 of 0.1 L s−1 Crustal formation water is warm (∼75°C) and chemically altered, stemming from water‐basalt reactions and diffusive exchange with pore water This ridge‐flank hydrothermal system is hydrologically isolated from the ventilated crust to the west and the trench to the east

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) is a highly specialized procedure. We surveyed adult transplant centers in the United States (US) and then used data reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR) (2008–2010) to evaluate associations of center volume, infrastructure, and care delivery models with survival post alloHCT. Based on their 2010 alloHCT volume, centers were categorized as low-volume (≤40 alloHCTs; N = 42 centers, 1900 recipients) or high-volume (>40 alloHCTs; N = 41 centers, 9637 recipients). 100-day survival was 86% (95% CI, 85–87%) in high-volume compared with 83% (95% CI, 81–85%) in low-volume centers (difference 3%; P < 0.001). One-year survival was 62% (95% CI, 61–63%) and 56% (95% CI, 54–58%), respectively (difference 6%; P < 0.001). Logistic regression analyses adjusted for patient and center characteristics; alloHCT at high-volume centers (odds ratio [OR] 1.32; P < 0.001) and presence of a survivorship program dedicated to HCT recipients (OR 1.23; P = 0.009) were associated with favorable 1-year survival compared to low-volume centers. Similar findings were observed in a CIBMTR validation cohort (2012–2014); high-volume centers had better 1-year survival (OR 1.24, P < 0.001). Among US adult transplant centers, alloHCT at high-volume centers and at centers with survivorship programs is associated with higher 1-year survival.

Shape is a complex trait which can be investigated through a variety of methods that have been developed over the past century. Currently, ecologists and evolutionary biologists employ the use of geometric morphometrics on 2D images as their standard approach. Recently, there has been increased interest in the use of 3D methods. However, while low-cost 3D methods of data collection are becoming available their potential benefits are often more implied rather than quantified. Using the mandibles from two species of African cichlids (Maylandia zebra and Tropheops “Red Cheek”), this study aimed to evaluate the use of a low-cost 3D method of shape capture versus a range of 2D data sets (termed ‘standard’, ‘even’, and ‘extended’). Our findings indicated that while both 2D and 3D methods could discriminate differences in species and sexes there was only a slight improvement using 3D when landmark datasets were held even. Further, the standard approaches to data collection that would be taken by most researchers clearly outperformed our 3D approach. Therefore, as 3D methods become more accessible researchers should consider a cost/benefit ratio in terms of the time required to obtain 3D data versus shape information gained.

Objectives/Goals: Our aim is to compare scores collected from a health utilities measure (Health Utility Index, HUI) to those collected from a profile measure (Child Health Ratings Inventories, CHRIs- Global) among youth with newly diagnosed, high-risk classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Methods/Study Population: We will analyze existing data collected during the Children’s Oncology Group AHOD 1331 trial, which was a phase 3 clinical trial comparing the efficacy of adding brentuximab vedotin to standard-of-care treatment with multiagent chemotherapy in children and adolescents with high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma. The study also had a prespecified patient-reported outcomes (PRO) secondary aim, which involved recruiting a subset of the initial 309 patients aged 11 years or older enrolled in the trial for serial PRO measures taken over the trial period. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed by CHRIs, HUI version 2, and HUI version 3 assessments at six planned points throughout treatment. Results/Anticipated Results: The first step of our analysis will be to ascertain agreement in scoring for parent–child dyads for the HUI2, HUI3, and CHRIs scores by comparing mean scores via two-sample t-testing. Bland–Altman plots will be constructed to compare agreement between the scores for HUI2/3 and the CHRIs. Similarly, Spearman’s correlation coefficients will be calculated for CHRIs with HUI2/3 for both parents and children. We hypothesize the CHRIs and HUI scores should roughly correlate with one another, but there may be divergence of correlation because the HUI has greater emphasis on functionality (e.g., sensation, mobility), and the CHRIs further emphasize social and emotional well-being in addition to physical health. Discussion/Significance of Impact: The composite score of the HUI 2/3 has allowed for direct comparison with other global HRQoL measures, providing greater clarity of its performance in different patient populations and clinical settings. The current study will improve understanding of the HUI 2/3 performance in a pediatric cancer population over time.