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W pracy określono zmienność temperatury i wilgotności gleb brunatnych na trzech stanowiskach w paśmie Połoniny Wetlińskiej i związek tych parametrów z warunkami meteorologicznymi. Badania prowadzono na dwóch głębokościach (20 cm i 45 cm) w okresie od 23.11.2020 r. do 19.11.2021 r. Badania wykazały występowanie wyższej temperatury gleby od końca kwietnia do sierpnia w przypowierzchniowej części analizowanych gleb oraz jej silną zależność od temperatury powietrza w półroczu ciepłym i najwyższą średnią temperaturę na stanowisku eksponowanym w kierunku południowym (7,5ºC na obu głębokościach). W półroczu chłodnym wykazano mniejszą zmienność temperatury gleby, izolujące działanie pokrywy śnieżnej i brak przemarzania gleb w badanych lokalizacjach. Średnie roczne wartości wilgotności objętościowej badanych gleb mieściły się w zakresie 42–53% na głębokości 20 cm i 39–44% na głębokości 45 cm. Wyższe wartości wilgotności objętościowej cechowały te spośród badanych gleb, które charakteryzują się mniejszym udziałem frakcji iłowej, mniejszą gęstością objętościową i wyższą zawartością materii organicznej. Na wzrost wilgotności gleb, poza infiltracją wody opadowej i roztopowej, wpływać może również dostawa wód spływu śródpokrywowego. Wilgotność analizowanych gleb była zależna od sumy opadów w okresie poprzedzającym. W półroczu chłodnym wyższej wilgotności dodatkowo sprzyjała wyższa temperatura powietrza, natomiast w półroczu ciepłym odwrotnie – niższa. W pracy udokumentowano mniejszą zmienność wilgotności gleb na dwóch polanach śródleśnych na stoku północnym Połoniny Wetlińskiej względem stanowiska na otwartej przestrzeni na stoku południowym. Zmienność wilgotności była najmniejsza w okresie zimowym w najwyżej położonym stanowisku blisko grzbietu, a największa w okresie letnim na stoku południowym. Ponadto, w półroczu ciepłym ewapotranspiracja stanowiła ważny czynnik, wpływający na większą dynamikę zmian wilgotności objętościowej gleb w płytszej części badanych profili. Większe zdolności retencyjne gleb w górnych częściach bieszczadzkich pasm górskich mogą wpływać na efektywniejsze zasilanie zbiorników wód podziemnych, które następnie są drenowane przez wysoko położone źródła.

The purpose of the research was to define the variability of soil temperature and moisture in three profiles in the Połonina Wetlińska Range in the period 23/11/2020–19/11/2021 and to assess the relationship between these parameters and meteorological conditions. Soil temperature and moisture loggers were situated at two depths (20 cm & 45 cm). Research has shown a higher soil temperature at a subsurface depth between the end of April and August. The soil temperature was strongly correlated with the air temperature in the warm half-year. The highest average soil temperature was observed for the southern slope (7,5ºC at both depths). In the cold half-year, low variability of soil temperature, the the insulating role of snow cover, and the lack of soil freezing were discovered. The annual average volumetric soil moisture of the soils studied ranged from 42% to 53% at a depth of 20 cm, and from 39% to 44% at a depth of 45 cm. Among the soils studied, those represented by the lower clay fraction content, the lower bulk density, and the higher organic matter content were characterised by the higher volumetric moisture. An increase in soil moisture, mainly driven by infiltration of rainwater and melting snow, may also be caused by lateral throughflow. Generally, soil moisture was dependent on the previous precipitation totals. Additionally, in the cold half-year, higher soil moisture was related to higher air temperature, whereas in the warm half-year, this relation was opposite. The research revealed a lower variability of soil moisture in profiles located within a forest glade on the northern slope than at the profile located within a meadow, on the southern slope of the Połonina Wetlińska. The variability in soil moisture was lowest during the winter months in the highest elevated profile close to the ridge, whereas the highest variability was observed during the summer on the southern slope. Furthermore, in the warm half-year, evapotranspiration was an important factor resulting in a greater variability of soil moisture at shallower depths of the studied profiles. The higher soil retention capacity in the upper part of the Bieszczady Mountains ranges may affect a more effective recharge of groundwater reservoirs, which feed springs located in the upper part of the slopes

The purpose of the research was to define the variability of soil temperature and moisture in three profiles in the Połonina Wetlińska Range in the period 23/11/2020–19/11/2021 and to assess the relationship between these parameters and meteorological conditions. Soil temperature and moisture loggers were situated at two depths (20 cm 45 cm). Research has shown a higher soil temperature at a subsurface depth between the end of April and August. The soil temperature was strongly correlated with the air temperature in the warm half-year. The highest average soil temperature was observed for the southern slope (7,5oC at both depths). In the cold half-year, low variability of soil temperature, the the insulating role of snow cover, and the lack of soil freezing were discovered. The annual average volumetric soil moisture of the soils studied ranged from 42% to 53% at a depth of 20 cm, and from 39% to 44% at a depth of 45 cm. Among the soils studied, those represented by the lower clay fraction content, the lower bulk density, and the higher organic matter content were characterised by the higher volumetric moisture. An increase in soil moisture, mainly driven by infiltration of rainwater and melting snow, may also be caused by lateral throughflow. Generally, soil moisture was dependent on the previous precipitation totals. Additionally, in the cold half-year, higher soil moisture was related to higher air temperature, whereas in the warm half-year, this relation was opposite. The research revealed a lower variability of soil moisture in profiles located within a forest glade on the northern slope than at the profile located within a meadow, on the southern slope of the Połonina Wetlińska. The variability in soil moisture was lowest during the winter months in the highest elevated profile close to the ridge, whereas the highest variability was observed during the summer on the southern slope. furthermore, in the warm half-year, evapotranspira- tion was an important factor resulting in a greater variability of soil moisture at shallower depths of the studied profiles. The higher soil retention capacity in the upper part of the Bieszczady Mountains ranges may affect a more effective recharge of groundwater reservoirs, which feed springs located in the upper part of the slopes

Background: One reason for the decision to delay the introduction of an Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome in the main text of the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was the concern that attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) might in fact be common features in adolescents and young adults from the general population of no psychopathological significance in themselves. This concern was based on reports of high prevalence rates of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the general population and the assumption that PLEs are a good estimate of APS. Although the criterion validity of self-reported PLEs had already been studied with respect to clinician-rated psychotic symptoms and found insufficient, it had been argued that PLEs might in fact be more comparable with mild, subclinical expressions of psychotic symptoms and, therefore, with APS. The present paper is the first to specifically study this assumption. Sampling and Methods: The sample consisted of 123 persons seeking help at a service for the early detection of psychosis, of whom 54 had an at-risk mental state or psychosis, 55 had a nonpsychotic mental disorder and 14 had no full-blown mental disorder. PLEs were assessed with the Peters Delusion Inventory and the revised Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale, and psychotic symptoms and APS were assessed with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. Results: At a level of agreement between the presence of any PLE (in 98.4% of patients) and any APS (in 40.7%) just exceeding chance (κ = 0.022), the criterion validity of PLEs for APS was insufficient. Even if additional qualifiers (high agreement or distress, preoccupation and conviction) were considered, PLEs (in 52.8%) still tended to significantly overestimate APS, and agreement was only fair (κ = 0.340). Furthermore, the group effect on PLE prevalence was, at most, moderate (Cramer's V = 0.382). Conclusions: The prevalence of APS cannot be deduced from studies of PLEs. Thus, the high population prevalence rate of PLEs does not allow the conclusion that APS are common features of no pathological significance and would lack clinical validity as an Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Rather, the population prevalence rate of APS has to be assumed to be largely unknown at present but is likely lower than indicated by epidemiological studies of PLEs. Therefore, dedicated studies are warranted, in which APS are assessed in a way that equates to their clinical evaluation.