Explore the vast range of titles available.

We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of a coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2014 January 8 from the active region (AR) NOAA 11947 by analyzing the data from Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board Solar Dynamics Observatory, RHESSI, and Hiraiso Radio Spectrograph. The CME is associated with an M3.6 flare and filament eruption. Observations from the AIA 171 Å images reveal the origin of pre-CME arcade ≈1 hr prior to the eruptive event. Before the onset of event, the hot AIA 131 and 94 Å images exhibit an existence of a hot flux rope, which on eruption results in the activation and eruptive expansion of the pre-CME coronal arcade. The eruptive process of pre-CME arcade consists of a slow rise evolution with a speed ≈3 km s−1, “arcade-to-bubble” transformation, and blowout expansion of the CME-bubble with a fast speed of ≈400 km s−1. A differential emission measure analysis suggests the presence of multithermal plasma in the bubble-structure and strong plasma heating at the core of the AR. A blowout expansion of CME is accompanied with multiple type III and a split-band type II radio bursts in association with X-ray emission up to 50 keV energies from its source region. Our observations reveal that the formation and expansion of the CME-bubble serve as the earliest signatures of the CME, capturing its development in the low corona. Concurrent X-ray and radio emissions further highlight the critical role of large-scale magnetic reconnection in powering both the flare emissions and the early evolution and dynamics of the CME.

We study the formation of four coronal mass ejections (CMEs) originating from homologous blowout jets. All of the blowout jets originated from NOAA Active Region (AR) 11515 on 2012 July 2, within a time interval of ≈14 hr. All of the CMEs were wide (angular widths ≈ 95°–150°), and propagated with speeds ranging between ≈300 and 500 km s−1 in LASCO coronagraph images. Observations at various EUV wavelengths in Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly images reveal that in all the cases, the source region of the jets lies at the boundary of the leading part of AR 11515 that hosts a small filament before each event. Coronal magnetic field modeling based on nonlinear force-free extrapolations indicates that in each case, the filament is contained inside of a magnetic flux rope that remains constrained by overlying compact loops. The southern footpoint of each filament is rooted in the negative polarity region where the eruption onsets occur. This negative polarity region undergoes continuous flux changes, including emergence and cancellation with opposite polarity in the vicinity of the flux rope, and the EUV images reveal brightening episodes near the filament’s southeastern footpoint before each eruption. Therefore, these flux changes are likely the cause of the subsequent eruptions. These four homologous eruptions originate near adjacent feet of two large-scale loop systems connecting from that positive polarity part of the AR to two remote negative polarity regions, and result in large-scale consequences in the solar corona.

We present the characteristics of DH type II bursts for the Solar Cycles 23 and 24. The bursts are classified according to their end frequencies into three categories: Low-Frequency Group (LFG; 20 kHz ≤  f  ≤ 200 kHz), Medium-Frequency Group (MFG; 200 kHz  < f ≤ 1  MHz), and High-Frequency Group (HFG; 1 MHz  < f ≤ 16  MHz). We find that the sources for LFG, MFG, and HFG events are homogeneously distributed over the active region belt. Our analysis shows a drastic reduction of the DH type II events during Solar Cycle 24, which includes only 35% of the total events (i.e., 179 out of 514). Despite having smaller number of DH type II events in the Solar Cycle 24, it contains a significantly higher fraction of LFG events compared to the previous cycle (32% versus 24%). However, within the LFG group, the cycle 23 exhibits significant dominance of type II bursts that extend below 50 kHz, suggesting rich population of powerful CMEs traveling beyond half of the Sun–Earth distance. The events of LFG group display strongest association with faster and wider (more than 82% events are halo) CMEs, whereas at the source location, they predominantly trigger large M/X class flares (in more than 83% cases). Our analysis also indicates that CME initial speed or flare energetics is partly related to the duration of type II burst and that survival of CME-associated shock is determined by multiple factors/parameters related to CMEs, flares, and state of coronal and interplanetary medium. The profiles relating CME heights with respect to the end frequencies of DH type II bursts suggest that for HFG and MFG categories, the location for majority of CMEs (≈ 65%–70%) is in well compliance with ten-fold Leblanc coronal density model, whereas for LFG events, a lower value of density multiplier (≈ 3) seems to be compatible.

We analyse the characteristics of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) during Solar Cycles 23 and 24. The present analysis is primarily based on the near-Earth ICME catalogue (Richardson and Cane, 2010 ). An important aspect of this study is to understand the near-Earth and geoeffective aspects of ICMEs in terms of their association (type II ICMEs) versus absence (non-type II ICMEs) of decameter-hectometer (DH) type II radio bursts, detected by Wind/WAVES and STEREOS/WAVES. Notably, DH type II radio bursts driven by a CME indicate powerful MHD shocks leaving the inner corona and entering the interplanetary medium. We find a drastic reduction in the occurrence of ICMEs by 56% in Solar Cycle 24 compared to the previous cycle (64 versus 147 events). Interestingly, despite a significant decrease in ICME/CME counts, both cycles contain almost the same fraction of type II ICMEs (≈ 47%). Our analysis reveals that, even at a large distance of 1 AU, type II CMEs maintain significantly higher speeds compared to non-type II events (523 km s −1 versus 440 km s −1 ). While there is an obvious trend of decrease in ICME transit times with increase in the CME initial speed, there also exists a noticeable wide range of transit times for a given CME speed. Contextually, Cycle 23 exhibits 10 events with shorter transit times ranging between 20 – 40 hours of predominantly type II categories while, interestingly, Cycle 24 almost completely lacks such “fast” events. We find a significant reduction in the parameter V ICME × B z , the dawn to dusk electric field, by 39% during Solar Cycle 24 in comparison with the previous cycle. Further, V ICME × B z shows a strong correlation with Dst index, which even surpasses the consideration of B z and V ICME alone. The above results imply the crucial role of V ICME × B z toward effectively modulating the geoeffectiveness of ICMEs.

We analyses occurrence of DH type II solar radio bursts spanning over solar cycles 23-25 during which a total of 590 DH type II bursts are reported with confirmed 568 and 462 cases of associated CME and flares, respectively. We find short-term yet important differences in DH type II activity when the data is examined in terms of event counts and their durations, e.g., temporal shift in the peak activity during cycle 24 and variation in the growth rate of the activity level during cycle 25. For an in-depth exploration, DH type II bursts are classified in 3 categories based on their end-frequencies: Low-, Medium-, and High- Frequency Groups (LFG, MFG, and HFG, respectively). The HFG category is the most populous (≈47%) while the LFG category occupy about a quarter of the events (≈24%). The LFG events show a clear inclination toward fastest CMEs and X-class flares with a quarter of events exhibiting end frequency below 50 MHz.

Primary ObjectiveRecently, selective internal radiation therapy using yttrium-90 (Y90) glass microspheres (TheraSphere™) was approved for reimbursement by health authorities in France. The PROACTIF study aims to gather data on effectiveness, patient quality of life, and safety with use of Y90 glass microspheres in real-world clinical settings in France.Inclusion CriteriaPatient with a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), and/or metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who was treated with a dose of Y90 glass microspheres that has been reimbursed in France and who do not oppose use of their personal medical data. Exclusion CriteriaIf data collection is opposed, treatment is reimbursed but not administered, or treatment is administered but not reimbursed.Outcome MeasuresPrimary outcome measures include overall survival from time of Y90 glass microsphere treatment and quality of life, as assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy- Hepatobiliary questionnaire. Estimated Number of Patients to Be IncludedThis is an open study and there is no set number of patients; 115 have already been enrolled.Planned Subgroup AnalysesAnalyses will be stratified by disease state (HCC, iCC, or mCRC). Subgroups to be analyzed include age group, unilobar/bilobar disease at baseline, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) status at baseline, liver tumor burden at baseline, target lesion size, and standard versus multi-compartment personalized dosimetry treatment.Planned Recruitment and Observation PeriodRecruitment includes patients who are prescribed and treated with a commercial vial of Y90 glass microspheres between 01 January 2019 and 31 December 2024.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04069468.

Background There are insufficient in vitro bone models that accommodate long-term culture of osteoblasts and support their differentiation to osteocytes. The increased demand for effective therapies for bone diseases, and the ethical requirement to replace animals in research, warrants the development of such models. Here we present an in-depth protocol to prepare, create and maintain three-dimensional, in vitro, self-structuring bone models that support osteocytogenesis and long-term osteoblast survival (>1 year). Methods Osteoblastic cells are seeded on a fibrin hydrogel, cast between two beta-tricalcium phosphate anchors. Analytical methods optimised for these self-structuring bone model (SSBM) constructs, including RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining and XRF, are described in detail. Results Over time, the cells restructure and replace the initial matrix with a collagen-rich, mineralising one; and demonstrate differentiation towards osteocytes within 12 weeks of culture. Conclusions Whilst optimised using a secondary human cell line (hFOB 1.19), this protocol readily accommodates osteoblasts from other species (rat and mouse) and origins (primary and secondary). This simple, straightforward method creates reproducible in vitro bone models that are responsive to exogenous stimuli, offering a versatile platform for conducting preclinical translatable research studies.

Background There are insufficient in vitro bone models that accommodate long-term culture of osteoblasts and support their differentiation to osteocytes. The increased demand for effective therapies for bone diseases, and the ethical requirement to replace animals in research, warrants the development of such models. Here we present an in-depth protocol to prepare, create and maintain three-dimensional, in vitro, self-structuring bone models that support osteocytogenesis and long-term osteoblast survival (>1 year). Methods Osteoblastic cells are seeded on a fibrin hydrogel, cast between two beta-tricalcium phosphate anchors. Analytical methods optimised for these self-structuring bone model (SSBM) constructs, including RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining and XRF, are described in detail. Results Over time, the cells restructure and replace the initial matrix with a collagen-rich, mineralising one; and demonstrate differentiation towards osteocytes within 12 weeks of culture. Conclusions Whilst optimised using a secondary human cell line (hFOB 1.19), this protocol readily accommodates osteoblasts from other species (rat and mouse) and origins (primary and secondary). This simple, straightforward method creates reproducible in vitro bone models that are responsive to exogenous stimuli, offering a versatile platform for conducting preclinical translatable research studies.

Due to the bleeding risk of full-dose systemic thrombolysis and the lack of major trials focusing on the clinical benefits of catheter-directed treatment, heparin antiocoagulation remains the standard of care for patients with intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). The Higher-Risk Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolysis (HI-PEITHO) study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04790370) is a multinational multicenter randomized controlled parallel-group comparison trial. Patients with: (1) confirmed acute PE; (2) evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction on imaging; (3) a positive cardiac troponin test; and (4) clinical criteria indicating an elevated risk of early death or imminent hemodynamic collapse, will be randomized 1:1 to treatment with a standardized protocol of ultrasound-facilitated catheter-directed thrombolysis plus anticoagulation, vs anticoagulation alone. The primary outcome is a composite of PE-related mortality, cardiorespiratory decompensation or collapse, or non-fatal symptomatic and objectively confirmed PE recurrence, within 7 days of randomization. Further assessments cover, apart from bleeding complications, a broad spectrum of functional and patient-reported outcomes including quality of life indicators, functional status and the utilization of health care resources over a 12-month follow-up period. The trial plans to include 406 patients, but the adaptive design permits a sample size increase depending on the results of the predefined interim analysis. As of May 11, 2022, 27 subjects have been enrolled. The trial is funded by Boston Scientific Corporation and through collaborative research agreements with University of Mainz and The PERT Consortium. Regardless of the outcome, HI-PEITHO will establish the first-line treatment in intermediate-high risk PE patients with imminent hemodynamic collapse. The trial is expected to inform international guidelines and set the standard for evaluation of catheter-directed reperfusion options in the future.

Background: Prevalence of autism is increasing worldwide. A WHO survey conducted in, April,2017, states that the incidence of autism has increased from 1 in 500 to 1 in 160 children. As there is no known cure for autism, it is considered to be a lifelong condition. Objectives: 1. To assess the problems faced and lifestyle modification adopted by parents in the following aspects: Physical, Emotional, Social, Professional 2. To determine the relationship between problems faced and lifestyle modification with selected demographic variables. Materials and methods: The data were collected from 43 parents of children with an autism by using non-probability, purposive sampling technique, tool was semi-structured interview schedule and rating scale, technique was interviewing. Result: Coefficient of correlation for Overall problems faced and Overall lifestyle modification adopted by parents with autistic children was -0.0696, it shows no relationship between them. Conclusion: From the findings of the study, we can conclude that parents of an autistic child face problems in the physical, emotional, social and professional spheres of life. Problems related to the social domain exceed than the other three. It is interpreted that parents also adopt lifestyle changes in response to the problems faced in all these aspects of life. However, it was found that the lifestyle modifications adopted by the parents in response to the physical problem were comparatively low.