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The 6-phase fractional-slot per pole, per phase Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machine designed for a segment-A electric vehicle (EV) having a novel topology of 18-slot, 8-pole is assessed for the risk of partial irreversible demagnetization under various fault conditions. The paper describes the approach of demagnetization assessment using 2-D transient finite element analysis (FEA) for short circuit faults at the base speed and at the maximum cruise speed with rated and maximum load operation. The flux density of each node in each permanent magnet (PM) is decomposed in the magnetizing direction for a comprehensive assessment. The risk of demagnetization during the transient is evaluated, and the demagnetization levels in different PM poles under short circuit faults at different speeds are highlighted.

This paper proposes an accurate model which allows for separation of torque components based on frozen permeability concept for interior permanent magnet machines. An additional torque component due to the interaction of the rotor magnetic field with unequal d and q-axis reluctances in the stator iron is included. The proposed model can reproduce the instantaneous torque waveform at any load condition, and hence provides a more accurate means of reluctance torque evaluation compared with the conventional methods.

Thermal design of 6-phase fractional-slot Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machine having a novel topology of 18-slot, 8pole is presented using 2-D electromagnetic finite element analysis (FEA) and lumped parameter thermal model. The paper describes the approach to calibrate loss models, and to validate thermal model using the experimental tests. It discusses the thermal challenges imposed by the operating conditions and the driving cycles on the motor components.

RationaleThe lung is the entry site for Bacillus anthracis in inhalation anthrax, the most deadly form of the disease. B. anthracis spores must escape from the alveolus, pass to the regional lymph nodes, germinate and enter the circulatory system as vegetative bacteria to cause systemic disease. Of the resident lung cells, three have been reported to take up B. anthracis spores: the antigen presenting cells (APC) alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells, and alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). Also, B. anthracis produces the exotoxins lethal factor and protective antigen (PA) which combine to form lethal toxin (LT), a metalloproteinase important in pathogenicity. The roles of carrier cells and the effects of B. anthracis toxins in escape of spores from the alveolus are unclear, especially in humans.MethodsWe employed a human lung organ culture model and a human A549 alveolar epithelial cell culture model, along with fluorescent confocal imaging to quantitate spore partitioning between APC and AEC, and the effects of B. anthracis LT and PA on this process. Cell types were distinguished by positive staining for HLA-DR (APC) and cytokeratin (AEC).ResultsWe found that spores progressed through the lung slice over time, and that spore movement was not dependent on cell internalization. Both free and cell-associated spores moved through slices between 2 and 48 hrs of incubation. However, partitioning of spores between AEC, APC, and the extracellular space did not significantly change over this time. After 2 hrs, 4.7% of spores were in APC; 13.8% in AEC; and 81.5% were not cell-associated. By 48 hrs, 2.9% were in APC; 12.7% were in AEC; and 84.4% were not cell-associated. Spores also internalized in a non-uniform manner, with more variable spore internalization into AEC than into APC. At all incubation times, the majority of cell-associated spores were in AEC, not in APC. PA and LT did not affect transit of the spores through the lung tissue or the distribution of spores into AEC and APC. In A549 cells, spore internalization increased significantly after 24 hrs incubation. However, there was no statistically consistent effects of PA or LT on spore internalization in A549 cells.ConclusionsOverall, our results support a “Jailbreak”-like model of spore escape from the alveolus that involves transient passage of spores, although this occurs through intact AEC. However, subsequent transport of spores by APC from the lung to the lymph nodes may occur.

ISAAC, Taylor and Zac Hanson are a trio of brothers, aged 11 to 16, whose charming bubble-gum pop has made waves on the international charts.

Background Nonhuman primates are used for research purposes such as studying diseases and drug discovery and development programs. Various clinical pathology parameters are used as biomarkers of disease conditions in biomedical research. Detailed reports of these parameters are not available for Indian-origin rhesus macaques. To meet the increasing need for information, we conducted this study on 121 adult Indian rhesus macaques (57 wild-sourced and 64 inhouse animals, aged 3–7 years). A total of 18 hematology and 18 biochemistry parameters were evaluated and reported in this study. Data from these parameters were statistically evaluated for significance amongst inhouse and wild-born animals and for differences amongst sexes. The reference range was calculated according to C28-A3 guidelines for reporting reference intervals of clinical laboratory parameters. Results Source of the animals and sex appeared to have statistically significant effects on reference values and range. Wild-born animals reported higher WBC, platelets, neutrophils, RBC, hemoglobin, HCT, MCV, and total protein values in comparison to inhouse monkeys. Sex-based differences were observed for parameters such as RBCs, hemoglobin, HCT, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, and total protein amongst others. Conclusions Through this study, we have established a comprehensive data set of reference values and intervals for certain hematological and biochemical parameters which will help researchers in planning, conducting, and interpreting various aspects of biomedical research employing Indian-origin rhesus monkeys.