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The International Telecommunication Union announced a new color gamut standard of broadcast service television (BT 2020) for ultra-high-definition TV in 2012. To satisfy the wide-color gamut standard of BT 2020, monochromatic red (R), green (G), and blue (B) emissions require a small full width at half-maximum, which is an important property for improving color purity. Although organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are currently one of the main types of display technologies, their broad emission via strong vibronic coupling between ground and excited states is a major hurdle to overcome in the development of next-generation wide-color gamut displays. Thus, the development of OLED emitters with narrowband R–G–B emissions is of great significance. In this review, the recent progress in the development of OLED materials with narrowband emission is summarized by grouping them into fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters to reveal the correlation between molecular structures, optical properties, and device characteristics. We discuss rational molecular design strategies to achieve narrow photoluminescence and electroluminescence and the underlying mechanisms for controlling the emission bandwidth. Finally, the challenges in the realization of wide-color gamut OLED displays and the future prospects of such devices are discussed.Optoelectronics: An organic route to higher optical purityOrganic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity could be used in the next generation of high-definition televisions. The most widely used semiconductor, silicon, is an inorganic material but a wide range of organic alternatives are now emerging. These alternatives are especially in demand for light-emitting applications, where the performance of silicon is poor. Ji-Eun Jeong, Han Young Woo and colleagues from Korea University in Seoul, South Korea, reviewed recent progress in the development of OLEDs. An OLED tends to emit light over a relatively broad spectrum. This lack of color purity limits the device’s use in future ultra-high-definition TVs. The team presented an overview of the various molecular design strategies that have been used to reduce emission bandwidth and the physical mechanisms forming the basis of these strategies.With a growing demand for new emitters to realize ultra-high-definition displays, various types of organic emitters with narrow emission and high luminescent efficiency have been extensively studied. In this review, we summarized the recent developments of organic emitters (fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally activated delayed fluorescent) which show narrowband emission spectra with full-width half-maximum smaller than 50 nm.

In recent years, thermoelectric (TE) devices have attracted a growing attention due to their promising ability to convert waste heat into readily available electric energy. Compared to inorganic counterparts, organic TE devices emerged as the potential candidates for room-temperature and flexible (even wearable) TE power generation. During last few decades, extensive studies have been performed on the p- and n-type materials and devices to build up the inter-relationship among the TE parameters ( i.e. , electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity and power factors), demonstrating a great potential of organic TEs. In this review, recent progresses in the organic TE materials and devices, dopants and doping method, charge transport models and flexible TE device applications are summarized and the key strategies and future prospects to further optimize TE performance are discussed.

A balanced equilibrium between carnivores and their prey is crucial for maintaining ecosystem sustainability. In this study, we applied the predator–prey power law equation to assess the balance between the biomass densities of carnivores and their wild prey within Nepal's lowland protected areas during 2013, 2018, and 2022. The estimated value of the power law exponent k for predator–prey biomass was 0.71 (95% CI = 0.39–1.05), indicating an approximate threefold increase in predator biomass density for every fivefold increase in prey biomass density. Consequently, this creates a systematically bottom‐heavy predator–prey biomass pyramid. This finding, consistent with the k = 3/4 trophic biomass scaling across ecosystems, suggests that predator biomass is proportionally sustained by prey biomass, indicating a balance between top predators and their wild prey in Nepal's lowland protected areas. We further demonstrated it is possible to retain the overall power law exponent while jointly measuring intraguild competition between two predators with canonical correlation analysis. This understanding opens avenues for future research directed toward unraveling the factors that drive these consistent growth patterns in ecological communities. The study in Nepal's lowland protected areas found a balanced predator–prey relationship, with a power law exponent “k” of 0.7 indicating a significant increase in predator biomass density with rising prey density. This sublinear growth pattern aligns with established trophic biomass scaling estimates, emphasizing its importance for stabilizing predator–prey dynamics and guiding future ecosystem management and research efforts.

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) significantly impairs women’s health -related quality of life (HRQoL), yet evidence from Nepal remains limited. This study aimed to assess HRQoL and associated factors among women with PCOS attending an infertility center in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2023 among 135 women aged 18–45 years diagnosed with PCOS, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using validated instruments: the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire (PCOSQ), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multiple linear regression to identify the factors associated with HRQoL. Results The mean overall HRQoL score was 5.04 ± 1.44 on a 7-point scale, with the lowest domain scores observed for infertility (3.34 ± 1.72), emotional well-being (4.29 ± 0.97), and menstruation (4.32 ± 1.13) domains, while the body hair domain was least affected (8.58 ± 1.86). In adjusted regression, younger age, marital status, higher BMI, acne, menstrual irregularities, fertility-related history, physical inactivity, substance use, and high stress were significantly associated with poorer HRQoL ( p  < 0.05). Conclusion Women with PCOS in Nepal experience significant impairment in HRQoL, most notably in relation to infertility, emotional well-being, and menstrual irregularities. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors were associated with poorer HRQoL. These findings highlight the need for a holistic, patient-centered approach that integrates medical, psychological, and lifestyle interventions, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) significantly impairs women's health -related quality of life (HRQoL), yet evidence from Nepal remains limited. This study aimed to assess HRQoL and associated factors among women with PCOS attending an infertility center in Kathmandu, Nepal. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2023 among 135 women aged 18-45 years diagnosed with PCOS, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using validated instruments: the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire (PCOSQ), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multiple linear regression to identify the factors associated with HRQoL. The mean overall HRQoL score was 5.04 ± 1.44 on a 7-point scale, with the lowest domain scores observed for infertility (3.34 ± 1.72), emotional well-being (4.29 ± 0.97), and menstruation (4.32 ± 1.13) domains, while the body hair domain was least affected (8.58 ± 1.86). In adjusted regression, younger age, marital status, higher BMI, acne, menstrual irregularities, fertility-related history, physical inactivity, substance use, and high stress were significantly associated with poorer HRQoL (p < 0.05). Women with PCOS in Nepal experience significant impairment in HRQoL, most notably in relation to infertility, emotional well-being, and menstrual irregularities. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors were associated with poorer HRQoL. These findings highlight the need for a holistic, patient-centered approach that integrates medical, psychological, and lifestyle interventions, particularly in resource-limited settings.

An unprecedented rise in diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence in India is the outcome of lifestyle changes in the background of genetic predisposition. Moreover, there are substantial regional variations in diabetes prevalence and management. The highest prevalence of DM was observed in southern region (Ernakulum, Kerala) and lowest prevalence was observed in North Eastern region (Manipur). Similarly large variations have been evident in overall awareness and diabetes care across the geographies within India. The regional challenges are largely affected by poor disease awareness, socioeconomic disparity and underutilization of the public health-care services. Though government has taken initiatives to address this issue, overall situation demands a collaborative effort from patients, health care professionals and the state. An exhaustive literature search was performed for articles and studies published on electronic databases. Present article assesses the regional disparity of diabetes epidemiology, current management practices and government policies for T2DM in India, identifies policy and research gaps, and suggests corrective measures to address the lacunae in diabetes care.