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The Indian Railway network is the world’s fourth largest, transporting millions of people every day. One of the most difficult challenges for travelers is crossing the overhead bridges or subways to reach the right platform. To make this experience more comfortable we have developed the automatic system termed Railway Platform Crossing Automatic Bridge (RPCAB) to connect two opposite platforms. Here, the fabricated metal frame bridge is moved using a pair of double acting hydraulically/ pneumatically actuated telescopic cylinders. After the train pulls out of the station, the bridge connects to the other side of the platform, allowing passengers to walk on the bridge to cross the tracks. The position sensors, alarms, audio/visual indicators, and actuators are all in sync with the train traffic signaling system and the master controller, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). To prevent any mishaps from happening, a comprehensive safety interlock system has been implemented, including position sensors, safety barricades, emergency alarms, and an audio-visual information system. The proposed mechanical bridge facilitates the passage for the passengers who are physically impaired, with heavy luggage, pregnant women, and the elderly persons to cross the platform. Additionally, it controls the congestion of passengers when the train has left the station. The proposed system is simulated using PLC simulator for testing, validation, and analysis of the system’s behavior in a simulated environment. The simulation results presented in this paper show how efficient and reliable the proposed design is. Prior to constructing a working prototype in real time, it is essential to put the system through a virtual environment. The results support the viability of applying the proposed design in real-world settings, which will improve both safety and efficiency at railway platform crossings.

The extension of digital competences in the ever-changing world of technology has transported global organizations new opportunities like never before. But this expansion has also flickered a dramatic surge in cybercrime, which carriages a huge problem that needs inventive replies. The current methods of cybercrime investigation are inadequate, predominantly when it comes to finding the source of attacks. While SSL safeguards secure data transmission, it does not offer forensic support, and the TCP/IP protocol suite does not form any protocols that are intended to be operative in cybercrime investigations. To rectify these difficulties, this paper proposes adding a forensic layer below the SSL layer. This novel feature consists of three protocols that reinforce user authentication and verification: IVAP, which is intended to brace the authentication and identification; Pro_DEC, which confirms that digital evidence is composed in a forensically comprehensive manner; and Cybercrime Attribution, which supports to attribute cybercrimes by tracking the source and path of data packets. The steadiness of court procedures amended by these protocols, which bid a specific toolbox for precise threat tracing and acknowledgement. Enhanced fact-finding capabilities and national safety are the main outcomes of this preventative approach to shore up cybersecurity and make systems tougher in the face of ever-changing cyber threats.

The rapid development of smart renewable energy grids (SREGs) has resulted in a vast amount of data that requires efficient access control and secure mechanisms for sharing energy records among stakeholders. This paper proposes a novel approach called the identity‐based proxy signcryption‐based scheme for SREGs (ID‐PSC‐SREGs), which ensures the secure sharing of energy records in SREGs. The ID‐PSC‐SREG scheme integrates the benefits of signature and encryption techniques, merging them into a unified algorithm and providing a comprehensive solution for the confidentiality and authenticity of energy records. Extensive security analysis demonstrates that the scheme achieves provable security against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (IND‐ID‐PSC‐SREG‐CCA2) and existential unforgeability against adaptive chosen message attacks (EUF‐ID‐PSC‐SREG‐CMAs) under the decisional Diffie–Hellman problem. In order to further ascertain the security of the ID‐PSC‐SREG scheme, formal verification utilizing the automated validation of internet security protocols and applications (AVISPAs) is performed. The results confirm the scheme’s safety under the On‐the‐Fly Model‐Checker (OFMC) and Constraint Logic‐based Attack Searcher (CL‐AtSe).

Due to real-time data sharing in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), the healthcare sector has evolved significantly in recent years. However, security breaches reveal incorrect authenti- cation and susceptible access during EHR distribution of EHRs among various stakeholders. Thus, a primary objective of the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) is to employ cutting-edge technology to strengthen the security of electronic health records (EHRs) while safeguarding patient privacy. This paper proposes a signcryption with an identity-based authentication protocol based on Elliptic curve cryptography securing the transmission of medical records. The proposed protocol is designed based on bilinear pairing, and it supports several security features, including data confidentiality and au- thentication with effective key management. The proposed protocol is shown formally complete using BAN logic. Besides, our protocol is shown secure against potential attackers using the AVISPA under the OFMC and Cl-AtSe models. Nonetheless, the empirical analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol outperforms the existing related schemes. Therefore, our proposed protocol is more suitable to be applied in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) environment.

In the realm of digital forensics, the establishment of robust standards for maintaining the integrity of digital evidence is of paramount importance. Addressing this concern, this study introduces a cutting-edge solution known as Identity-based Proxy Re-Encryption Chain of Custody (IR-PER-CoC). This novel protocol significantly enhances the chain of custody in digital forensics by safeguarding the secure transmission of encrypted evidence from the delegator to the delegatee through a process of re-encryption. Leveraging the power of bilinear pairing cryptography, the protocol incorporates a suite of security measures, ensuring its resilience against adaptively chosen identity and chosen plaintext attacks (IND-ID-PRE-CoC-CPA) under the Decisional Bilinear Diffie–Hellman (DBDH) assumption. To fortify its security posture further, extensive simulations within the AVISPA framework validate the protocol’s robustness, demonstrating its capacity to withstand attacks, as assessed by both the OFMC and Cl-AtSe models. Moreover, empirical evaluations affirm the protocol’s superiority over existing methods, underlining its efficacy in the management of the Chain of Custody in digital forensics. These compelling outcomes collectively establish the IR-PER-CoC protocol as a technologically advanced and practical solution for bolstering the integrity of digital evidence and the overall security of digital forensics investigations.

The jigsaw method is a form of collaborative learning in which students work in small groups to thoroughly understand a topic and then teach it to their classmates. This study is conducted at a university with a student body that is demographically and racially representative of the institution. The primary goals of this research are to determine how the jigsaw approach affects students’ participation, collaboration, and critical thinking. This research will contribute to our understanding of how the jigsaw method can be used to improve the teaching of blockchain at the engineering undergraduate level. The research aims to benefit teachers, curriculum designers, and academic administrators by demonstrating the effects it has on students’ motivation and performance in the classroom. The findings will be used to enhance blockchain education at the engineering undergraduate level by informing the implementation and optimization of the jigsaw method.

The human microbiota plays a crucial role in educating the immune system and influencing host health right since birth. Various maternal factors along with the vertical microbial transfer from the mother, as well as the horizontal environmental transmission and internal factors relating to the infant, play a crucial role in modulating the gut microbiota. The early life microflora is highly unstable and undergoes dynamic changes during the first few years, converging towards a more stabilized adult microbiota by co-evolving with the host by the age of 3–4 years. Microbiota studies have underlined the role of dysbiosis in developing several metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes and immune-related disorders like asthma, to name a few. Thus, understanding early life microbial composition and various factors affecting the microbial community will provide a platform for developing strategies/techniques to maintain host health by restoring gut microbial flora. This review focuses on the factors that affect the microbial composition of the foetus in utero, during birth, infancy through childhood.

Fusarium wilt (FW) is the most severe soil‐borne disease of chickpea that causes yield losses up to 100%. To improve FW resistance in JG 11, a high‐yielding variety that became susceptible to FW, we used WR 315 as the donor parent and followed the pedigree breeding method. Based on disease resistance and yield performance, four lines were evaluated in station trials during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 at Kalaburagi, India. Further, two lines, namely, Kalaburagi chickpea desi 5 (KCD 5) and KCD 11, which possesses the resistance allele for a specific single‐nucleotide polymorphism marker linked with FW resistance, were evaluated across six different locations (Bidar, Kalaburagi, Raichur, Siruguppa, Bhimarayanagudi and Hagari) over a span of 3 years (2020–2021, 2021–2022 and 2022–2023). KCD 11 exhibited notable performance, showcasing yield advantages of 8.67%, 11.26% and 23.88% over JG 11, and the regional checks Super Annigeri 1 (SA 1) and Annigeri 1, respectively, with enhanced FW resistance in wilt sick plot. Further, KCD 11 outperformed JG 11, SA 1 and Annigeri 1 in multi‐location trials conducted across three seasons in the North Eastern Transition Zone, North Eastern Dry Zone, and North Dry Zones of Karnataka. KCD 11 was also tested in trials conducted by All India Coordinated Research Project on chickpea and was also nominated for state varietal trials for its release as a FW‐resistant and high‐yielding variety. The selected line is anticipated to cater the needs of chickpea growers with the dual advantage of yield increment and disease resistance. Core Ideas Pedigree breeding was used to develop Kalaburagi chickpea desi (KCD) 11, a Fusarium wilt (FW) resistant and high‐yielding advanced breeding line. KCD 11 recorded 8.67%, 11.26%, and 23.88% yield advantages over JG 11, Super Annigeri 1 (SA 1), and Annigeri 1, respectively. On an average KCD 11 has 14.20% and 13.90% higher yield over JG 11 and SA 1, respectively. The presence of resistant alleles in KCD 11 for single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker (FW2_30366110) linked to FW further confirms its resistance. Plain Language Summary To combat Fusarium wilt (FW) in chickpea, WR 315 was used in breeding to enhance resistance in JG 11. Four newly developed lines were evaluated in Kalaburagi during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 for disease resistance and yield. Kalaburagi chickpea desi 5 (KCD 5) and KCD 11, possessing resistance alleles for a specific single‐nucleotide polymorphism marker, were tested across six locations over 3 years (2020–2023). KCD 11 showed significant yield advantages (8.67%, 11.26% and 23.88% over JG 11, SA 1, and Annigeri 1) with enhanced FW resistance. Multi‐location trials in various zones of Karnataka further confirmed KCD 11′s superiority. It also underwent national trials and state varietal tests, poised for release as a high‐yielding, FW resistant variety, which will offer promising benefits for chickpea growers.

The human gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the compositional development of gut microbiota. Though well documented in western pediatrics population, little is known about how various host conditions affect populations in different geographic locations such as the Indian subcontinent. Given the impact of distinct environmental conditions, our study assess the gut bacterial diversity of a small cohort of Indian and Finnish children and investigated the influence of FUT2 secretor status and birth mode on the gut microbiome of these populations. Using multiple profiling techniques, we show that the gut bacterial community structure in 13–14-year-old Indian (n = 47) and Finnish (n = 52) children differs significantly. Specifically, Finnish children possessed higher Blautia and Bifidobacterium , while genera Prevotella and Megasphaera were predominant in Indian children. Our study also demonstrates a strong influence of FUT2 and birth mode variants on specific gut bacterial taxa, influence of which was noticed to differ between the two populations under study.

The human microbiome plays a key role in maintaining host homeostasis and is influenced by age, geography, diet, and other factors. Traditionally, India has an established convention of extended family arrangements wherein three or more generations, bound by genetic relatedness, stay in the same household. In the present study, we have utilized this unique family arrangement to understand the association of age with the microbiome. We characterized stool, oral and skin microbiome of 54 healthy individuals from six joint families by 16S rRNA gene-based metagenomics. In total, 69 (1.03%), 293 (2.68%) and 190 (8.66%) differentially abundant OTUs were detected across three generations in the gut, skin and oral microbiome, respectively. Age-associated changes in the gut and oral microbiome of patrilineal families showed positive correlations in the abundance of phyla Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria, respectively. Genera Treponema and Fusobacterium showed a positive correlation with age while Granulicatella and Streptococcus showed a negative correlation with age in the oral microbiome. Members of genus Prevotella illustrated high abundance and prevalence as a core OTUs in the gut and oral microbiome. In conclusion, this study highlights that precise and perceptible association of age with microbiome can be drawn when other causal factors are kept constant.