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Dividing the Isthmus : Central American transnational histories, literatures, and cultures
In 1899, the United Fruit Company (UFCO) was officially incorporated in Boston, Massachusetts, beginning an era of economic, diplomatic, and military interventions in Central America. This event marked the inception of the struggle for economic, political, and cultural autonomy in Central America as well as an era of homegrown inequities, injustices, and impunities to which Central Americans have responded in creative and critical ways. This juncture also set the conditions for the creation of the Transisthmus—a material, cultural, and symbolic site of vast intersections of people, products, and narratives. Taking 1899 as her point of departure, Ana Patricia Rodríguez offers a comprehensive, comparative, and meticulously researched book covering more than one hundred years, between 1899 and 2007, of modern cultural and literary production and modern empire-building in Central America. She examines the grand narratives of (anti)imperialism, revolution, subalternity, globalization, impunity, transnational migration, and diaspora, as well as other discursive, historical, and material configurations of the region beyond its geophysical and political confines. Focusing in particular on how the material productions and symbolic tropes of cacao, coffee, indigo, bananas, canals, waste, and transmigrant labor have shaped the transisthmian cultural and literary imaginaries, Rodríguez develops new methodological approaches for studying cultural production in Central America and its diasporas. Monumental in scope and relentlessly impassioned, this work offers new critical readings of Central American narratives and contributes to the growing field of Central American studies.
eBook
Gender and Age Differences in the Core Triad of Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Autism is an extensively studied disorder in which the gender disparity in prevalence has received much attention. In contrast, only a few studies examine gender differences in symptomatology. This systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 peer reviewed original publications examines gender differences in the core triad of impairments in autism. Gender differences were transformed and concatenated using standardized mean differences, and analyses were stratified in five age categories (toddlerhood, preschool children, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood). Boys showed more repetitive and stereotyped behavior as from the age of six, but not below the age of six. Males and females did not differ in the domain of social behavior and communication. There is an underrepresentation of females with ASD an average to high intelligence. Females could present another autistic phenotype than males. As ASD is now defined according to the male phenotype this could imply that there is an ascertainment bias. More research is needed into the female phenotype of ASD with development of appropriate instruments to detect and ascertain them.
Journal Article
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma pathogenesis: learning from genetic heterogeneity
Key Points
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas carry the highest degree of heritability (around 40%) of all human tumours and thus represent relevant models for the identification of driver mutations in cancer.
Genetic testing of inherited mutations allows the identification of co-occurring cancers in hereditary syndromes and screening of at-risk relatives, with an impact on health care.
More than 12 genes, belonging to a wide range of functional classes are mutated in the germ line or, less frequently, in somatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, but many tumours remain genetically undefined.
Two main transcription signatures, associated with hypoxia-related signals (cluster 1) and increased kinase signalling (cluster 2), underlie the various driver mutations, revealing pathway interactions and enabling the discovery of novel predisposing genes.
Mutations of metabolism genes uncovered the cell growth-promoting effects of metabolism intermediates (succinate) through epigenetic (histone and DNA methylation) modulation and activation of a hypoxic response.
Mechanisms involved in the malignant transformation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are not fully elucidated, and treatment options for these tumours are still limited.
Patricia L. M. Dahia gives an overview of insights learned from the study of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, which carry the highest degree of heritability of all human tumours.
The neuroendocrine tumours pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas carry the highest degree of heritability in human neoplasms, enabling genetic alterations to be traced to clinical phenotypes through their transmission in families. Mutations in more than a dozen distinct susceptibility genes have implicated multiple pathways in these tumours, offering insights into kinase downstream signalling interactions and hypoxia regulation, and uncovering links between metabolism, epigenetic remodelling and cell growth. These advances extend to co-occurring tumours, including renal, thyroid and gastrointestinal malignancies. Hereditary pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are powerful models for recognizing cancer driver events, which can be harnessed for diagnostic purposes and for guiding the future development of targeted therapies.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Protein Cards: A nutrition education tool for metabolic bariatric surgery
Metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) is a safe, effective treatment for severe obesity and its associated comorbidities. However, adherence to postoperative guidelines, particularly dietary protein intake remains a challenge. This study examined the suitability of the Protein Cards, a protein-focused nutrition education tool developed to support individuals meet their protein requirements during the postoperative diet stages: fluid, purée, soft, and regular.
An online adapted version of the Suitability Assessment of Materials questionnaire was administered from September 2020 to May 2021. Participants were recruited via convenience sampling and advertisement. Participants rated the rated as \"superior\", \"adequate\" or \"not suitable\" on content, literacy demand, graphic illustrations, layout and typography, learning stimulation and motivation, and cultural appropriateness, with scores of 2, 1, and 0, respectively.
A total of 437 individuals completed the online survey. Participants were identified as individuals who have undergone MBS (n = 263), caregivers of individuals who completed MBS (n = 68), and/or healthcare providers (including dietitians) specializing in MBS (n = 106). The Protein Cards received an overall \"superior\" rating of 73.00%. The tool had a high likelihood of use particularly for the soft diet stage (63.99 ± 20.70). Participants preferred the tool be available as a mobile application (63.41 ± 20.41) followed by paper book (59.40 ± 21.95) format.
Protein Cards have the potential of supporting individuals who have undergone MBS in adopting healthy dietary habits, particularly in meeting their protein requirements. Future studies are needed to refine the Protein Cards and evaluate its usability among individuals post-MBS.
Journal Article
Structural Sexism and Health in the United States
In this article, I build a new line of health inequality research that parallels the emerging structural racism literature. I develop theory and measurement for the concept of structural sexism and examine its relationship to health outcomes. Consistent with contemporary theories of gender as a multilevel social system, I conceptualize and measure structural sexism as systematic gender inequality at the macro level (U.S. state), meso level (marital dyad), and micro level (individual). I use U.S. state-level administrative data linked to geocoded data from the NLSY79, as well as measures of inter-spousal inequality and individual views on women’s roles as predictors of physical health outcomes in random-effects models for men and women. Results show that among women, exposure to more sexism at the macro and meso levels is associated with more chronic conditions, worse self-rated health, and worse physical functioning. Among men, macro-level structural sexism is also associated with worse health. However, greater meso-level structural sexism is associated with better health among men. At the micro level, internalized sexism is not related to physical health among either women or men. I close by outlining how future research on gender inequality and health can be furthered using a structural sexism perspective.
Journal Article