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"Patricia Smith"
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Zika Virus infection of rhesus macaques leads to viral persistence in multiple tissues
Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging flavivirus, has recently spread explosively through the Western hemisphere. In addition to symptoms including fever, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, ZIKV infection of pregnant women can cause microcephaly and other developmental abnormalities in the fetus. We report herein the results of ZIKV infection of adult rhesus macaques. Following subcutaneous infection, animals developed transient plasma viremia and viruria from 1-7 days post infection (dpi) that was accompanied by the development of a rash, fever and conjunctivitis. Animals produced a robust adaptive immune response to ZIKV, although systemic cytokine response was minimal. At 7 dpi, virus was detected in peripheral nervous tissue, multiple lymphoid tissues, joints, and the uterus of the necropsied animals. Notably, viral RNA persisted in neuronal, lymphoid and joint/muscle tissues and the male and female reproductive tissues through 28 to 35 dpi. The tropism and persistence of ZIKV in the peripheral nerves and reproductive tract may provide a mechanism of subsequent neuropathogenesis and sexual transmission.
Journal Article
Braintrust : what neuroscience tells us about morality
What is morality? Where does it come from? And why do most of us heed its call most of the time? In Braintrust, neurophilosophy pioneer Patricia Churchland argues that morality originates in the biology of the brain. She describes the \"neurobiological platform of bonding\" that, modified by evolutionary pressures and cultural values, has led to human styles of moral behavior. The result is a provocative genealogy of morals that asks us to reevaluate the priority given to religion, absolute rules, and pure reason in accounting for the basis of morality.
Book
Teaching the Social Determinants of Health in Undergraduate Medical Education: a Scoping Review
BackgroundTo provide optimal care, medical students should understand that the social determinants of health (SDH) impact their patients’ well-being. Those charged with teaching SDH to future physicians, however, face a paucity of curricular guidance.ObjectiveThis review’s objective is to map key characteristics from publications about teaching SDH to students in undergraduate medical education (UME).MethodsIn 2016, the authors searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane and ERIC databases, bibliographies, and MedEdPORTAL for articles published between January 2010 and November 2016. Four reviewers screened articles for eligibility then extracted and analyzed data descriptively. Scoping review methodology was used to map key concepts and curricular logistics as well as educator and student characteristics.ResultsThe authors screened 3571 unique articles of which 22 were included in the final review. Many articles focused on community engagement (15). Experiential learning was a common instructional strategy (17) and typically took the form of community or clinic-based learning. Nearly half (10) of the manuscripts described school-wide curricula, of which only three spanned a full year. The majority of assessment was self-reported (20) and often related to affective change. Few studies objectively assessed learner outcomes (2).ConclusionsThe abundance of initial articles screened highlights the growing interest in SDH in medical education. The small number of selected articles with sufficient detail for abstraction demonstrates limited SDH curricular dissemination. A lack of accepted tools or practices that limit development of robust learner or program evaluation was noted. Future research should focus on identifying and evaluating effective instructional and assessment methodologies to address this gap, exploring additional innovative teaching frameworks, and examining the specific contexts and characteristics of marginalized and underserved populations and their coverage in medical education.
Journal Article
Incendiary art : poems
\"Smith ... confronts the tyranny against the black male body and the tenacious grief of mothers in her ... new collection. She writes an exhaustive lament for mothers of the 'dark magicians,' and revisits the devastating murder of Emmett Till. These dynamic sequences serve as a backdrop for present-day racial calamities and calls for resistance\"--Amazon.com.
Book
Comparative evaluation of daily streamflow prediction by ANN and SWAT models in two karst watersheds in central south Texas
This work compares the accuracy of streamflow estimated by a data-driven artificial neural network (ANN) and the physically based soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). The models were applied in two small watersheds, one highly urbanized and the other primarily covered with evergreen forest and shrubs, in the San Antonio region of central south Texas, where karst geologic features are prevalent. Both models predicted daily streamflow in the urbanized watershed very well, with the ANN and SWAT having the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSE) values of 0.76 and 0.72 in the validation period, respectively. However, both models predicted streamflow poorly in the nonurban watershed. The NSE values of the ANNs significantly improved when a time series autoregressive model structure using historical streamflow data was implemented in the nonurban watershed. The SWAT model only achieved trivial performance improvement after using the SWAT-CUP SUFI-2 calibration procedure. This result suggests that an ANN model may be more suitable for short-term streamflow forecasting in watersheds heavily affected by karst features where the complex processes of rapid groundwater recharge and discharge strongly influence surface water flow.
Journal Article
التصميم التعليمي
يزودك هذا الكتاب بالأسس الراسخة التي تحتاجها في تصميم مختلف أشكال التعليم وبيئات التعلم، بدءا بمدارس الروضة إلى الثانوية، وانتهاء بالبيئات التدريبية في قطاع الأعمال والشركات. ويركز أيضا على المبادئ الأساسية والأطر النظرية والفلسفية التي تنبني عليها معظم النماذج والإجراءات في ميدان التصميم التعليمي. كما يقدم معالجة شاملة لعملية التصميم التعليمي ذاتها، بما في ذلك التحليل، وتصميم الاستراتيجية، والتقدير، والتقويم. من أبرز ملامح هذا الكتاب احتواؤه فصلا عن تنفيذ التعليم، يتضمن اقتراحات وتوصيات عملية لوضع التصاميم التعليمية موضع التنفيذ الناجح، احتواؤه فصلا عن إدارة التعليم يركز على مفاهيم إدارة المشروع التعليمي والأدوات الملائمة للمصممين التعليميين، تأكيده على أهمية النظرية والبحث العلمي واستخدام علم المعرفة في تصميم الاستراتيجيات التعليمية.
BOOK
A qualitative exploration of sexually transmitted infection (STI) partner notification preferences and practices among women planning for pregnancy and offered HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Durban, South Africa
Background
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) partner notification is key to fostering STI cure and preventing onward STI transmission; this is critical among people planning for pregnancy given the high STI morbidity and mortality among neonates. This qualitative study explores how women planning for pregnancy and considering HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis approach STI partner notification in Durban, South Africa to inform future interventions.
Methods
We conducted a cohort study evaluating pre-exposure prophylaxis use as a part of safer conception care among adult women (≥ 18 years) without HIV, partnered with a man living with HIV or unknown HIV-serostatus, and planning for pregnancy. As part of an STI-focused sub-study, 25 women who completed etiologic STI screening also completed qualitative interviews exploring participant STI partner notification practices, preferences, and interaction with pregnancy. We used an inductive and deductive approach to generate a codebook, organized our findings according to the Disclosure Processes Model, and identified preliminary themes using content analysis.
Results
The median age of sub-study participants was 25 (range 19–33) years, five (20%) were diagnosed with an STI during the study, and 2 (8%) became pregnant during the study. Preliminary themes included 1) Participants’ perceptions of their own and their partner’s additional partnerships affected STI partner notification perceptions and practices; 2) Participants’ asymptomatic presentation and etiologic, laboratory diagnosis supported partner notification; 3) Participants reported male reluctance to engage with healthcare services and a reliance on female participant testing and subsequent partner notification; 4) Participants endorsed provider-assisted STI partner notification; 5) STI diagnoses and partner notification led participants to mistrust their partners and subsequently impacted their condom use during pregnancy planning.
Conclusions
We found a lack of partner concurrency and asymptomatic infection to influence STI partner notification with partner notification affecting pregnancy planning and condom use. Since women report having high STI testing and care engagement, they bear a high burden of partner notification and potential subsequent blame and often appreciated provider assistance. Interventions are needed to engage men in STI testing and care and to mitigate the potential harms of STI partner notification.
Journal Article