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Examines caribou by looking at their physical characteristics, life cycle, and the environment that they live in.

Intestinal aganglionosis in children is a common cause of neonatal and infantile obstruction or ileus. Diagnosis is based on a histologically proven absence of enteric ganglion cells in deep biopsies of the gut wall. Therapeutic goal is a one-stage repair with a resection of the affected segment. The endorectal pull-through (ERP) can be performed entirely transanally in a lot of the cases. In patients with difficult preparation or a high aganglionosis ERP often needs to be assisted by laparoscopy or laparotomy. We present two cases with a technical modification performing a totally transanal pull-through colectomy without any trocars other than an umbilical camera trocar. The procedure starts with a classical endorectal technique. Usually, the transanal preparation is limited by reaching the colon descendens. A camera trocar is inserted and under laparoscopic vision the preparation is completed placing the instruments directly via the opened anus. After reaching the healthy colon segment, the pull-through is completed transanally. One of the main advantages of ERP is the sparing dissection. Our modification combines advantages of laparoscopy and ERP. The umbilical camera allows an excellent view while the instruments for dissection are used like with ERP without any further trocar or traction of the anal sphincter. The dispensation of any transanal trocar allows a higher grade of freedom in preparation and possibly a smaller trauma on the distal anal channel.

Aspects of backward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), in which a light wave incident on a plasma decays into a backscattered light wave at a lower frequency and a forward propagating electron plasma wave (EPW), are investigated for situations of relevance to laser driven inertial fusion energy (IFE). Results from one- and two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations---both of nonlinear electron plasma waves impulsively driven by a ponderomotive driver of short duration, and of self-consistent SRS from a continuous driver---are shown which explore effects of small magnetic fields ($\\omega_c / \\omega_p \\ll 1$) oriented perpendicular to the direction of laser propagation on SRS across a range of laser intensities of relevance to IFE. While it is confirmed that a magnetic field increases the intensity threshold for kinetic inflation to occur and decreases the average reflectivity near this threshold, it is found that saturated levels of reflectivity can be similar or enhanced due to a magnetic field. Even when the average reflectivity is similar, however, the simulations show that the qualitative dynamics of SRS remain distinctly different with and without a magnetic field. Analysis indicates that the magnetic field alters the recurrence pattern of SRS by enhancing the damping of EPWs, limiting modifications to the electron distribution function, and reducing the magnitude of the nonlinear frequency shift. In addition, at these relatively high intensities, backscattered light from SRS can be of sufficient intensity to undergo backward SRS itself. Such rescatter prevents backscattered light from reaching the incident boundary, causing a reduction in measured reflectivity. The magnetic field is shown to prevent rescatter from occurring, leading to a relative enhancement in reflectivity.Fully relativistic PIC simulations such as those used above require robust and feature-rich codes that can fully leverage modern graphics processing unit (GPU)-based supercomputers. Two major algorithmic improvements to the PIC code \\textsc{Osiris} are thus undertaken. First, an implementation of dynamic load balancing in \\textsc{Osiris} is described, which divides the simulation space into many small, self-contained regions or ``tiles.'' The implementation shows low overhead and improved scalability with OpenMP thread number on simulations with both uniform load and severe load imbalance. Compared to other load-balancing techniques, the presented algorithm gives order-of-magnitude improvement in parallel scalability for simulations with severe load imbalance.Second, an implementation of GPU acceleration for \\textsc{Osiris}, built on the aforementioned tile data structures, is described. An overview of the algorithm, which features a CUDA extension to the underlying Fortran architecture, is given. Detailed performance benchmarks for thermal plasmas are presented which demonstrate excellent weak scaling and high levels of absolute performance. The robustness of the code to model a variety of physical systems is demonstrated via simulations of Weibel filamentation and laser-wakefield acceleration. Finally, energy consumption benchmarks are provided which indicate that the GPU algorithm is up to $\\sim14$ times faster and $\\sim$7 times more energy-efficient than the optimized CPU algorithm on a node-to-node basis. The described developments address the PIC simulation community's computational demands both by contributing a robust and performant GPU-accelerated PIC code and by providing insight on efficient use of GPU hardware.

\"Using new vocabulary in everyday situations is a great way to strengthen one's understanding of a language. And a trip to the post office, or oficina de correos, provides just that kind of situation in this book, an introduction to Spanish. Readers will tag along as the narrator takes mail to the post office and teaches various Spanish terms along the way. Pronunciations for each term are provided in a key in each chapter\"--Publisher's website.

Ligation of the embryonic gut is an established technique to induce intestinal obstruction and subsequently intestinal atresia in chicken embryos. In this study, we modified this established chicken model of prenatal intestinal obstruction to describe (1) the kinetics of morphological changes, (2) to test if removal of the ligature in ovo is possible in later embryonic development and (3) to describe morphological adaptations following removal of the ligature. On embryonic day (ED) 11, small intestines of chick embryos were ligated micro surgically in ovo. In Group 1 (n = 80) gut was harvested proximal and distal to the ligation on ED 12-19. In Group 2 (n = 20) the induced obstruction was released on day 15 and gut was harvested on ED 16-19. Acetyl choline esterase staining was used as to assess resulting morphological changes. A marked intestinal dilatation of the proximal segment can be seen 4 days after the operation (ED 15). The dilatation increased in severity until ED 19 and intestinal atresia could be observed after ED 16. In the dilated proximal segments, signs of disturbed enteric nervous system morphology were obvious. In contrast to this, release of the obstruction on ED 15 in Group 2 resulted in almost normal gut morphology at ED 19. Our model not only allows the description of morphological changes caused by an induced obstruction on ED 11 but also-more important - of morphological signs of adaptation following the release of the obstruction on ED 15.

The Pap smear is one of the most widely accepted screening procedures for cancer, and many studies have attested to its effectiveness. Important issues related to the Pap smear are still being evaluated and debated.

رواية آحاد أغسطس يتسائل فيها الراوي لماذا هرب الراوي مع صديقته سيلفيا من ضواحي المارن ليختبئا في مدينة نيس؟ من أين حصلا على العقد الماسي المسمى صليب الجنوب الذي ربما كان شؤما عليهما؟ من هما السيد والسيدة نيل ولماذا اهتما بملاحقة حاملة العقد ورفيقها؟ من هو السيد فيلكور وماذا كان يفعل في نيس وماذا يربطه بسيلفيا؟ من خلال هذه الألغاز المتقاطعة ينسج المؤلف رواية رومانسية يطارد سحرها القارئ لفترة طويلة.

As wireless network devices and IOT connectivity develop, the application and demand for small, low power, in situ sensors and instruments will expand. There are continuous efforts in the miniaturization of sensors and scientific instrument systems for conventional to field deployable and rugged hand held units for personal use to extreme harsh environment applications. This work investigates mesoscale cylindrical ion trap (CIT) mass analyzer design and the benefits of CITs realized via additive manufactured metalized ceramic material systems for improved ion signal, low power performance, and extended dynamic range. Rugged monolithic miniature mass spectrometer ceramic CIT chips have been produced that have increased signal output with reduced power consumption. We have demonstrated via simulation and experiment ~80% and greater CIT ion detection efficiency, signal improvement of the percentage of analyzed ions detected, from 50% detection for conventional CIT designs. Utilizing a unique notched ring electrode design that increases the ion signal output to the detector, the electron ionization quantity and power required for mass spectrum generation and tuning was reduced by ~1 watt or 33%, as well as the required gain of the ion detector. Increased CIT ion detection efficiency effectively increases the total amount of the sample analyzed versus what is lost, thus increasing the instrument sensitivity and data collected, reducing duty cycle and power. Identical CITs of a ring electrode radius, ro = 1 mm, were fabricated from low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) and the stainless steel (SS) for performance comparison and were tested in mass instability scanning and resonance ejection modes to produce Perfluorotribuytlamine (PFTBA) mass spectra. The ceramic material system offers design anFd material benefits which reduce the CIT power consumption by 29x from ~10.20 mW power consumption of the stainless steel CIT design to 0.36 mW for the ceramic CIT, as well as enabling batch fabrication, reduced cost and manufacturing defects. While the stated design and material system benefits may facilitate CIT and MS system miniaturization, and the production of the ceramic CIT chip, the proof of concept of CIT ion ejection efficiency via the notched ring electrode may enhance ion trap designs at any scale.