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The Introduction surveys the rather fragmentary information available on early irrigation systems and water technology in India, Ceylon, Cambodia and Bali, as background for the use of water at the specific sites discussed in the body of the dissertation. Irrigation system connections with religious symbolism and temples in Ceylon, Cambodia and Bali are also outlined. Each chapter then presents one or more sites from Java and Bali in detail. The physical appearance of the sites is documented through plans, maps and photographs. Previous literature is reviewed. Sculptural and architectural styles are analyzed. The imagery and symbolism in sculptures, reliefs and architectural forms are discussed. Chapter I deals with ninth century Sanggariti in East Java as a combination of miniature temple and mineral water well, a well once believed to have magical curative power. This combination is a visualization of a legend about the production of miraculous springs and rivers when Siva plunged his trident into the ground. Belahan, discussed in Chapter II, was originally a large complex on Mt. Penanggungan in East Java, with a temple, a hermitage, two bathing places and other structures. It is best known for a sculpture of Visnu on Garuda that has traditionally been identified as a portrait statue of Airlangga. This identification and the eleventh century dating of the site are both challenged. It is proposed that the site was early tenth century in date, built by Sindok and his immediate predecessors. Chapter III describes the elaborate imagery of Jalatunda, a tenth century bathing place also on Mt. Penaggungan, and challenges the traditional identification of this site as Udayana's burial place. The connection with Udayana is maintained, but it is proposed that the bathing place was built to commemorate Udayana's betrothal to Mahendratta and to confirm the dynastic succession. Chapter IV discusses the recently discovered bathing place at Goa Gajah and the Saivite cave and nearby Buddhist reliefs. Connections with the early place names Air Gajah and Kunjarapada, known from inscriptions, and with legendary events from the Usana Bali are presented. Dates from the late tenth to late eleventh centuries are proposed for the various elemens at this site. Chapter V discusses the rock-cut chandi sites of Gunung Kawi and Tegallingga in Bali proposes that these and other \"royal tomb\" sites were sacred memorial sites for Javanese and Balinese kings, not actual burial places for ashes. Connections with specific Balinese kings for the two sites are discussed. The late eleventh century dating for Gunung Kawi is supported and a late tenth century dating is proposed for Tegallingga. The theme of Mt. Meru and its connection with amrta, the liquid of immortality, is presented in Chapter VI, through the discussion of Tikus, a fourteenth century bathing place at the capital of Majapahit, and a number of Javanese and Balinese spouts and other works incorporating the same imagery. The position of Tikus within an extensive Majapahit irrigation and defense system is also discussed. Chapter VII deals with the two surviving bathing places at Panataran/Palah. These are the bathing place outside the temple compound to the north that was an integral part of the fourteenth century temple layout and the small bathing place with the reliefs, dated Saka 1337, located behind the temple compound. The textual sources of the stories illustrated in the reliefs there are discussed. The Conclusion points out basic themes and similarities between the programs and the symbolism at a number of the sites. The extent of water use and symbolism in ancient Indonesian art and architecture is stressed.

The potent and selective Gq protein inhibitor depsipeptide FR900359 (FR), originally discovered as the product of an uncultivable plant endosymbiont, is synthesized by a complex biosynthetic system comprising two nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) assembly lines. Here we characterize a cultivable bacterial FR producer, enabling detailed investigations into biosynthesis and attachment of the functionally important FR side chain. We reconstitute side chain assembly by the monomodular NRPS FrsA and the non-heme monooxygenase FrsH, and characterize intermolecular side chain transesterification to the final macrocyclic intermediate FR-Core, mediated by the FrsA thioesterase domain. We harness FrsA substrate promiscuity to generate FR analogs with altered side chains and demonstrate indispensability of the FR side chain for efficient Gq inhibition by comparative bioactivity, toxicity and docking studies. Finally, evolution of FR and side chain biosynthesis is discussed based on bioinformatics analyses. Side chain transesterification boosts potency and target affinity of selective Gq inhibitor natural products. FR900359 (FR) is a Gq protein inhibitor depsipeptide isolated from an uncultivable plant endosymbiont and synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. Here, the authors discover a cultivable bacterial FR producer and show that FrsA thioesterase domain catalyses intermolecular transesterification of the FR side chain to the depsipeptide core during biosynthesis, improving Gq inhibition properties.

A sequence of technological inventions over several centuries has dramatically lowered the cost of producing and distributing information. Because societies ride on a substrate of information, these changes have profoundly impacted how we live, work, and interact. This paper explores the nature of information architectures (IAs)—the features that govern how information flows within human populations. IAs include physical and digital infrastructures, norms and institutions, and algorithmic technologies for filtering, producing, and disseminating information. IAs can reinforce societal biases and lead to prosocial outcomes as well as social ills. IAs have culturally evolved rapidly with human usage, creating new affordances and new problems for the dynamics of social interaction. We explore societal outcomes instigated by shifts in IAs and call for an enhanced understanding of the social implications of increasing IA complexity, the nature of competition among IAs, and the creation of mechanisms for the beneficial use of IAs.

Purpose Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are involved in the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis. 18 F-Florbetaben is a PET tracer for clinical imaging of cerebral Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to determine whether specific uptake of 18 F-florbetaben in the carotid arteries can be identified using a fully integrated hybrid PET/MRI system and whether this uptake is associated with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods Carotid 18 F-florbetaben uptake was quantified as the mean of the maximum target-to-background ratio ( mean TBR max ) in 40 cognitively impaired subjects (age 68.2 ± 9.5 years) undergoing 18 F-florbetaben PET/MRI to diagnose AD. Associations between carotid 18 F-florbetaben uptake and several CVD risk factors were assessed by univariate analysis followed by a multivariate linear regression analysis. Furthermore, carotid 18 F-florbetaben uptake was compared between patients with and without a positive cerebral Aβ PET scan. Results 18 F-Florbetaben uptake was clearly visualized in the carotid arteries. Values of mean TBR max corrected for the blood pool activity of the tracer showed specific 18 F-florbetaben uptake in the carotid wall. Male gender was associated with carotid 18 F-florbetaben uptake in the univariate analysis, and was found to be an independent predictor of 18 F-florbetaben uptake in the multivariate regression analysis (standardized regression coefficient β  = 0.407, p  = 0.009). Carotid 18 F-florbetaben mean TBR max in patients with a positive cerebral Aβ scan did not differ from that in patients without cerebral Aβ deposits. Conclusion Specific 18 F-florbetaben uptake in human carotid arteries was detected. Male gender was identified as an independent clinical risk factor. Therefore, 18 F-florbetaben PET/MRI might provide new insights into the pathophysiological process in atherosclerosis.

Purpose Amyloid-beta (A[beta]) peptides are involved in the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis. 18F-Florbetaben is a PET tracer for clinical imaging of cerebral A[beta] plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to determine whether specific uptake of 18F-florbetaben in the carotid arteries can be identified using a fully integrated hybrid PET/MRI system and whether this uptake is associated with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods Carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake was quantified as the mean of the maximum target-to-background ratio (meanTBRmax) in 40 cognitively impaired subjects (age 68.2±9.5 years) undergoing 18F-florbetaben PET/MRI to diagnose AD. Associations between carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake and several CVD risk factors were assessed by univariate analysis followed by a multivariate linear regression analysis. Furthermore, carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake was compared between patients with and without a positive cerebral A[beta] PET scan. Results 18F-Florbetaben uptake was clearly visualized in the carotid arteries. Values of meanTBRmax corrected for the blood pool activity of the tracer showed specific 18F-florbetaben uptake in the carotid wall. Male gender was associated with carotid 18F-florbetaben uptake in the univariate analysis, and was found to be an independent predictor of 18F-florbetaben uptake in the multivariate regression analysis (standardized regression coefficient [beta]=0.407, p=0.009). Carotid 18F-florbetaben meanTBRmax in patients with a positive cerebral A[beta] scan did not differ from that in patients without cerebral A[beta] deposits. Conclusion Specific 18F-florbetaben uptake in human carotid arteries was detected. Male gender was identified as an independent clinical risk factor. Therefore, 18F-florbetaben PET/MRI might provide new insights into the pathophysiological process in atherosclerosis.

The short‐term mother–child and father–child psychoanalytic psychotherapy assumes that children develop specific types of relationships with each parent, as well as with the parenting couple. The model integrates an intra‐psychic, object‐relational view with an interpersonal perspective to the treatment of relational disturbances in childhood. The same therapist meets with the mother–child, father–child dyads on a weekly basis, along with regular meetings with the parental dyad. The model focuses on the developmentally prelatency child's need for the active participation of both parents in the here‐and‐now shared experiences of the therapeutic process. The participants express, in interactions and in enactments, various contents and meanings of their specific patterns of relations. The therapist addresses the behaviours as well as the meanings of relations, thus promoting reflective understanding and experiential changes in self, other, and self‐other relations. The child's active and different participation with each parent is the main change‐promoting factor. The child uses mainly the medium of play to express his/her needs and to mobilize the therapist's help. The therapist's access to the different dyads is utilized to better understand the explicit and implicit relational themes. The therapist supports the co‐construction of new and different behaviour patterns and the co‐creation of additional meanings to representations. The setup fosters the child's active participation in each dyad's growth‐promoting changes.

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are involved in the inflammatory pathology of atherosclerosis. F-Florbetaben is a PET tracer for clinical imaging of cerebral Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to determine whether specific uptake of F-florbetaben in the carotid arteries can be identified using a fully integrated hybrid PET/MRI system and whether this uptake is associated with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Carotid F-florbetaben uptake was quantified as the mean of the maximum target-to-background ratio ( TBR ) in 40 cognitively impaired subjects (age 68.2 ± 9.5 years) undergoing F-florbetaben PET/MRI to diagnose AD. Associations between carotid F-florbetaben uptake and several CVD risk factors were assessed by univariate analysis followed by a multivariate linear regression analysis. Furthermore, carotid F-florbetaben uptake was compared between patients with and without a positive cerebral Aβ PET scan. F-Florbetaben uptake was clearly visualized in the carotid arteries. Values of TBR corrected for the blood pool activity of the tracer showed specific F-florbetaben uptake in the carotid wall. Male gender was associated with carotid F-florbetaben uptake in the univariate analysis, and was found to be an independent predictor of F-florbetaben uptake in the multivariate regression analysis (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.407, p = 0.009). Carotid F-florbetaben TBR in patients with a positive cerebral Aβ scan did not differ from that in patients without cerebral Aβ deposits. Specific F-florbetaben uptake in human carotid arteries was detected. Male gender was identified as an independent clinical risk factor. Therefore, F-florbetaben PET/MRI might provide new insights into the pathophysiological process in atherosclerosis.