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Taliban safari : one day in the Surkhagan Valley
\"Inspired by Alexander Solzhenitsyn's novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Taliban Safari describes a long, exhausting day in June of 2009, when US Army Major Paul Darling set off with two teams on a mission to track down and kill Taliban insurgents in the Zabul Province of southeastern Afghanistan. Darling describes the mundane realties of deployed life--waiting, heat, heavy gear, food--along with the challenges: gaining the trust of the Afghans with whom he fights; adapting to an unfamiliar culture; pursuing an elusive and poorly organized enemy; and providing leadership in sometimes chaotic conditions\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Influenza virus-related critical illness: pathophysiology and epidemiology
Influenza virus affects the respiratory tract by direct viral infection or by damage from the immune system response. In humans, the respiratory epithelium is the only site where the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule is effectively cleaved, generating infectious virus particles. Virus transmission occurs through a susceptible individual’s contact with aerosols or respiratory fomites from an infected individual. The inability of the lung to perform its primary function of gas exchange can result from multiple mechanisms, including obstruction of the airways, loss of alveolar structure, loss of lung epithelial integrity from direct epithelial cell killing, and degradation of the critical extracellular matrix.
Approximately 30–40% of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza are diagnosed with acute pneumonia. These patients who develop pneumonia are more likely to be < 5 years old, > 65 years old, Caucasian, and nursing home residents; have chronic lung or heart disease and history of smoking, and are immunocompromised.
Influenza can primarily cause severe pneumonia, but it can also present in conjunction with or be followed by a secondary bacterial infection, most commonly by
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Influenza is associated with a high predisposition to bacterial sepsis and ARDS. Viral infections presenting concurrently with bacterial pneumonia are now known to occur with a frequency of 30–50% in both adult and pediatric populations. The H3N2 subtype has been associated with unprecedented high levels of intensive care unit (ICU) admission.
Influenza A is the predominant viral etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults. Risk factors independently associated with ARDS are age between 36 and 55 years old, pregnancy, and obesity, while protective factors are female sex, influenza vaccination, and infections with Influenza A (H3N2) or Influenza B viruses.
In the ICU, particularly during the winter season, influenza should be suspected not only in patients with typical symptoms and epidemiology, but also in patients with severe pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis with or without bacterial co-infection, as well as in patients with encephalitis, myocarditis, and rhabdomyolysis.
Journal Article
The Sumerians : lost civilizations
The Sumerians are widely believed to have created the world's earliest civilisation on the fertile floodplains of southern Iraq from about 3500 to 2000 BCE. They have been credited with the invention of nothing less than cities, writing, and the wheel, and therefore hold an ancient mirror to our own urban, literate world. But is this picture correct? Paul Collins reveals how the idea of a Sumerian people was assembled from the archaeological and textual evidence uncovered in Iraq and Syria over the last 150 years. Reconstructed through the biases of those who unearthed them, the Sumerians were never simply lost and found, but reinvented a number of times, both in antiquity and in the more recent past.
Book
Normal Weight Obesity: An Underrecognized Problem in Individuals of South Asian Descent
Obesity has attained pandemic proportions across the world, and its prevalence in developing countries is also on the rise. Nevertheless, there is still a large gap in understanding the reasons behind a disproportionately high prevalence of diabetes as opposed to a lesser degree of obesity seen in individuals of South Asian origin. This research letter highlights the importance of identifying individuals with normal weight obesity, which may partially bridge this knowledge gap.
We reviewed recently published evidence on normal weight obesity.
Normal weight obesity is a common public health problem and may be prevalent in up to one-third of individuals of certain Asian ethnicities. Literature is emerging on its pathophysiology and association with metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. More recently, normal weight obesity was also identified as an independent strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. However, evidence is particularly lacking on its appropriate management.
Normal weight obesity is an underrecognized yet widely prevalent problem in individuals of Asian descent. Further research on pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic options in individuals with normal weight obesity is needed to appropriately manage this condition.
Journal Article
Karl Marx
As one of the most influential thinkers of the modern age, Karl Marx's political philosophy has resounded throughout politics and history, from the nineteenth century to the present day. In recent times however the concept of 'Marxism' has become a vague term, of uncertain and contestable definition, increasingly inaccessible to those new to Marx's writings. How are we to understand 'Marxism' when it has become so open to appropriation? In Karl Marx, Paul Thomas introduces the reader to Marx's life and writings, to show how each cast light on the other. Concise yet detailed, Thomas concentrates directly on Marx's nineteenth-century life and works to give a clear, precise guide to Marx's own thought and action. The book relates Marx's development as a critical thinker and revolutionary politician to events that took place in his own lifetime, events that strongly influenced his doctrines. A cogent, jargon-free introduction, Karl Marx welcomes those new to Marx's life and work, as well as having much to say to students and scholars of political theory and history.
Book
Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract
Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory tract infections that produce a wide spectrum of clinical disease severity in humans. The novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and has since caused a pandemic. Both viral and host factors determine the extent and severity of virus-induced lung damage. The host’s response to viral infection is necessary for viral clearance but may be deleterious and contribute to severe disease phenotypes. Similarly, tissue repair mechanisms are required for recovery from infection across the spectrum of disease severity; however, dysregulated repair responses may lead to chronic lung dysfunction. Understanding of the mechanisms of immunopathology and tissue repair following viral lower respiratory tract infection may broaden treatment options. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis, the contribution of the host response to severe clinical phenotypes and highlight early and late epithelial repair mechanisms following influenza virus infection, each of which has been well characterized. Although we are still learning about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease manifestations in humans, throughout the Review we discuss what is known about SARS-CoV-2 in the context of this broad knowledge of influenza virus, highlighting the similarities and differences between the respiratory viruses.In this Review, Schultz-Cherry, Thomas and colleagues discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the human respiratory tract, the contribution of the host response to severe disease, epithelial repair mechanisms following infection, and current and potential future therapies for influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Journal Article
Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children
Children and adolescents exhibit a broad range of clinical outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the majority having minimal to mild symptoms. Additionally, some succumb to a severe hyperinflammatory post-infectious complication called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), predominantly affecting previously healthy individuals. Studies characterizing the immunological differences associated with these clinical outcomes have identified pathways important for host immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and innate modulators of disease severity. In this Review, we delineate the immunological mechanisms underlying the spectrum of pediatric immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison with that of adults.Children are generally resistant to severe disease resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection, but cases of pediatric COVID-19 and a new syndrome called MIS-C can occur. In this Review, the authors summarize what is known about the immunology of COVID-19 and MIS-C and how the pediatric response to SARS-CoV-2 is different from the immune response in adults.
Journal Article
The Cold War's killing fields : rethinking the long peace
Chamberlin argues that the Cold War, long viewed as a mostly peaceful, if tense, diplomatic standoff between democracy and communism, was actually a part of a vast, deadly conflict that killed millions on battlegrounds across the postcolonial world.
Book
Large-scale gene function analysis with the PANTHER classification system
The PANTHER (protein annotation through evolutionary relationship) classification system (
http://www.pantherdb.org/
) is a comprehensive system that combines gene function, ontology, pathways and statistical analysis tools that enable biologists to analyze large-scale, genome-wide data from sequencing, proteomics or gene expression experiments. The system is built with 82 complete genomes organized into gene families and subfamilies, and their evolutionary relationships are captured in phylogenetic trees, multiple sequence alignments and statistical models (hidden Markov models or HMMs). Genes are classified according to their function in several different ways: families and subfamilies are annotated with ontology terms (Gene Ontology (GO) and PANTHER protein class), and sequences are assigned to PANTHER pathways. The PANTHER website includes a suite of tools that enable users to browse and query gene functions, and to analyze large-scale experimental data with a number of statistical tests. It is widely used by bench scientists, bioinformaticians, computer scientists and systems biologists. In the 2013 release of PANTHER (v.8.0), in addition to an update of the data content, we redesigned the website interface to improve both user experience and the system's analytical capability. This protocol provides a detailed description of how to analyze genome-wide experimental data with the PANTHER classification system.
Journal Article