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The study examined the impact of a sports gymnastics curriculum on the development of students' motor abilities. Special attention was given to the effects of specific gymnastics exercises and techniques designed to develop repetitive, static, and explosive strength, as well as flexibility. The sample consisted of 50 male students, divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group, in addition to the standard curriculum, performed additional specific exercises for developing motor skills. Results indicated significant improvement in the experimental group, particularly in the variables Pull-ups (p = 0.001) and Deep forward bend (p = 0.002), with a large effect size (Cohen’s d > 0.8). However, differences for the variables Leg lifting (p = 0.063) and Squat (p = 0.061) did not reach statistical significance at the 5% level, although a 10% difference suggested a moderate effect (Cohen’s d > 0.5), indicating moderate progress. The effects of the gymnastics programme were positive in both groups, with the experimental group showing additional progress in motor skills due to targeted exercises. Although differences in specific motor skills between the experimental and control groups were observed, the results indicate that the gymnastics programme itself has a positive impact on motor abilities, even without additional specific exercises. The gymnastics curriculum is effective for improving students' motor abilities, with targeted specific exercises providing further advancement. Raziskava je preučevala, kako učni načrt orodne telovadbe vpliva na razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti učencev. Poseben poudarek je bil na vajah in prijemih, usmerjenih v razvoj ponavljalne, statične in hitre moči ter gibljivosti. V vzorec je bilo vključenih 50 fantov, razdeljenih v preizkusno in primerjalno skupino. Preizkusna skupina je poleg rednega programa izvajala še dodatne, namenske vaje za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti. Rezultati so pokazali pomembno izboljšanje v preizkusni skupini, zlasti pri spremenljivkah zgibe (p = 0,001) in globoki predklon (p = 0,002), z velikim učinkom (Cohenov d > 0,8). Razlike pri dvigu nog (p = 0,063) in počepu (p = 0,061) na 5-odstotni ravni niso bile statistično značilne, je pa 10-odstotna meja nakazala zmeren učinek (Cohenov d > 0,5), kar potrjuje zmeren napredek. Učinki telovadnega programa so bili pozitivni v obeh skupinah, pri čemer je preizkusna skupina zaradi ciljnih vaj dosegla dodatni napredek v gibalnih sposobnostih. Čeprav so se med skupinama pokazale razlike pri posameznih gibalnih sposobnostih, izsledki kažejo, da že sama telovadba pozitivno vpliva na gibalne sposobnosti, tudi brez dodatnih posebnih vaj. Učni načrt telovadbe je torej učinkovit za izboljšanje gibalnih sposobnosti učencev, ciljno usmerjene vaje pa omogočijo še nadaljnji napredek.

The aim of the research was to examine the initial grades of gymnasts who participated in the finals in the balance beam discipline at the World Cup in Doha. The hypothesis of this research should show that the initial grade has a large share in the success whenperforming the composition on the beam. The sample of participants consists of eight gymnasts who qualified for the final in the beam discipline at the FIG World Cup Series competition - Doha (Qatar) in 2022. These gymnasts come from six national federations, which are shown with their starting grades, errors in performance, final grades and placement. In this case study, the research shows that the performance of gymnasts at the top level is very safe, because the finalists on beam did not make major mistakes, they fulfilled all specific requirements and some achieved bonus elements.

(1) Background: This study aimed to examine whether an experimental acrobatics curriculum, conducted three times a week, could lead to greater improvements in specific components of motor fitness—coordination, balance, agility, and speed—compared to the standard physical education program; (2) Methods: The research was conducted over a 16-week period and included 50 seventh-grade students, divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 25) and a control group (CG, n = 25). The experimental group participated in a program of acrobatics and skipping twice a week, while the control group followed the standard physical education curriculum. Motor skills tests were administered before and after the intervention using standardized methods; (3) Results: Results from the ANCOVA analysis showed significant improvements in flexibility, coordination, balance, and agility in the experimental group, with large effect sizes, confirming the effectiveness of the acrobatics and skipping program. However, the impact on speed was variable, indicating the need for specific exercises to improve this ability; (4) Conclusions: The findings are consistent with previous research, highlighting the superiority of specialized acrobatic exercises in enhancing overall motor performance in adolescents. Further research is needed to optimize acrobatics and skipping programs for maximum benefits in the development of motor skills and physical education.

It is well documented that whole body-vibration training has effects on muscle strength and flexibility, blood circulation, decreases pain perception and strengthens bone and tendon. Although whole body-vibration has benefits in athletes’ flexibility, we are not sure what its actual effects are in artistic gymnastics (since they already have stunning flexibility). Hence, the aim of this study was to analyse the studies on whole-body vibration in artistic gymnastics and to present the effects on flexibility. The search and analysis were carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The databases search (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost and Science Direct) yielded 18,057 potential studies. By the given inclusion criteria (studies from 2005 to 2022; full-text published in English; the study included male and female gymnasts as samples, and that participants were tested for evaluation of flexibility by whole-body vibration method), a total of 9 full-text studies were included, with a total of 210 participants, both male and female. As far as the measured flexibility tests conducted, front split, sit and reach and bridge were evaluated, while obtained results were 9.1–39.1%, 2.79–6.7%, 6.43–7.45%, respectively. All studies have conducted same vibration frequency (30 Hz) with same amplitude of displacements (2 mm), except for the one study who did not show the information of implemented amplitude. After analysing the obtained results, it can be concluded that the usage of whole-body vibration platform shows flexibility improvements in artistic gymnasts, both male and female. In addition, a combination of whole-body vibration and traditional static stretching may enhance the flexibility in artistic gymnasts. However, these results should be taken with caution. Since this review did not reveal the optimal vibrational protocol, it is necessary to invest time during the implementation of various vibrational experimental protocols, so future research is required.

This study investigated gender-specific predictors of vault performance in gymnastics by applying machine learning techniques to analyse body composition and run-up dynamics. Data were collected from 27 national-level gymnasts (17 female, 10 male) during the Slovenian Cup competition. The focus on gender-specific predictors stems from fundamental physiological and biomechanical differences between male and female athletes, which influence force production, movement kinematics, and execution mechanics. A deeper understanding of these distinctions enhances the precision of performance modelling and supports the development of targeted, evidence-based training interventions. Spatiotemporal parameters of the run-up were recorded using the OptoGait system, while body composition was assessed with the Tanita DC-360. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Boosting regression models were used to identify key predictors of vault execution scores. These methods were selected for their ability to reduce dimensionality and capture complex, nonlinear relationships in performance data. The results revealed clear gender-specific patterns. For female gymnasts, the model explained 74.4% of the variance in execution scores, with Overall Lean Body Mass emerging as the most influential predictor (47.12% relative influence), followed by Overall Contact Phases (25.28%). For male gymnasts, the model demonstrated exceptionally high predictive power, explaining 97.8% of the variance, with Body Fat as the primary predictor (48.44% relative influence), followed by Flight and Contact Dynamics (35.22%). These findings suggest that training strategies should be tailored to gender-specific needs. For women, emphasis on lean muscle development, stride optimisation, and the coordination of rhythm and timing may be beneficial. For men, managing body fat levels, optimising flight and contact dynamics, and adopting an integrated approach to stride mechanics appear essential. Given the potential for misinterpretation of body composition metrics, a holistic approach to athletic conditioning is recommended. However, the study’s limitations, including the small sample size and cross-sectional design-warrant cautious interpretation. This research provides a foundation for future investigations into gender-specific factors affecting vault performance. Larger and longitudinal studies are needed to validate these findings and support the development of more precise training interventions. Ta raziskava je raziskovala napovedne dejavnike uspešnosti preskoka v telovadbi ločeno po spolu z uporabo tehnik strojnega učenja za razčlenitev telesne sestave in dinamike zaleta. Podatki so bili zbrani pri 27 osebah (17 žensk, 10 moških) med tekmovanjem za pokal Slovenije. Poudarek na napovednih dejavnikih uspeha po spolu izhaja iz temeljnih fizioloških in biomehaničnih razlik med moškimi in ženskami, ki vplivajo na proizvodnjo sile, kinematiko gibanja in mehaniko izvedbe. Globlje razumevanje teh razlik povečuje natančnost modeliranja uspešnosti in podpira razvoj ciljno usmerjenih, na dokazih temelječih vadbenih posegov. Prostorsko-časovni parametri zaleta so bili zabeleženi s sistemom OptoGait, medtem ko je bila telesna sestava ocenjena z napravo Tanita DC-360. Za prepoznavo ključnih napovednih dejavnikov rezultatov izvedbe preskoka sta bila uporabljena razčlenitev glavnih sestavin (PCA) in model Boostingove regresije. Ti metodi sta  bili izbrani zaradi njihove sposobnosti zmanjšanja razsežnosti in zajemanja zapletenih, nelinearnih odnosov v podatkih o uspešnosti. Rezultati so razkrili jasne vzorce, ki se točno ločijo op spolu. Pri telovadkah je model pojasnil 74,4 % spremenljivost v rezultatih izvedbe, pri čemer se je kot najpomembnejši napovedovalec izkazala celotna pusta telesna masa (47,12 % sorazmernega  vpliva), sledililo je  trajanje opore (25,28 %). Pri telovadcih je model pokazal izjemno visoko napovedno moč, saj je pojasnil 97,8 % variance, pri čemer je bila telesna maščoba najpomembnejši napovedovalec (48,44 % sorazmernega vpliva), sledila pa sta dinamika leta in opore (35,22 %). Te ugotovitve kažejo, da bi morale biti strategije vadbe prilagojene potrebam posameznega spola. Za ženske je lahko koristen poudarek na razvoju puste mišične mase, optimizaciji korakov ter skladnosti ritma in časa. Za moške se zdi bistveno obvladovanje ravni telesne maščobe, izboljšanje dinamike leta in opre ter sprejetje celostnega pristopa k mehaniki korakov. Glede na možnost napačne razlage meritev telesne sestave je priporočljiv celosten pristop k stanju telesne priprave. Vendar pa omejitve raziskave, vključno z majhno velikostjo vzorca in presečno zasnovo, zahtevajo previdno razlago. Ta raziskava zagotavlja osnovo za prihodnje raziskave dejavnikov, ločeno po spolu, ki vplivajo na uspešnost preskoka. Za potrditev teh ugotovitev in podporo razvoju natančnejših vadbenih ukrepov so potrebne obsežnejše in večletno spremljanje.

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of absolute and relative strength of the muscles of the legs, upper arms and shoulder girdle on the success of performing vault with gymnasts aged 13 to 16 who have been training gymnastics from five to 12 years. The Japanese digital dynamometer IMADAZ2H-1100 with WinWedge 3.4 software was used to estimate the absolute strength of the leg, upper arm and shoulder girdle muscles. The values shown on the digital meter represented the absolute value of the maximum force, and when the absolute value of the force was divided by the weight of the participant, the value of the relative force was obtained. Regression analysis was used to determine the influence of absolute and relative strength of leg muscles, upper arm and shoulder girdle on the success of performing vault. The results showed that although there is an influence of the above muscles, it is not statistically significant. Specifically, for a successful performance on the vault, the muscles of the shoulder girdle have the greatest influence (without statistical significance). The reason for the results obtained in this way lies in the fact that the phase of flight and landing depends on the support phase and the repulsion from the vault. As there are few research studies on the subject of this paper, regardless of the obtained results, this research represents a good foundation and basis for some future research of absolute and relative strength in artistic gymnastics.

Synonyms for the word boldness include courage, fearlessness, heroism and bravery. The best examples of courage in sport are athletes who, despite difficult situations, conditions and strong competition, perform very risky elements, break records, etc. The \"Fall back\" measurement instrument has been used in the selection process for artistic gymnastics. Bearing in mind that this test requires a drop back down an inclined plane, it requires a degree of courage in the realization of this motor task. The aim of this research is to determine the validity of the \"fall back\" test and to answer the question: Is the \"Fall back\" test actually a measure of courage among beginners in the sport? In this study, the research sample consisted of 16 boys and 33 girls, third graders from the Jovan Cvijic elementary school in Kostolac, aged nine years (+/- 6 months). The sample of variables represented the results written using two measurement instruments: 1. Psychological survey -test of boldness and courage-PSBC (a test modeled after the-Erikson's theory of Psyhosocial Development test-About.com Psyhology); 2. Situational motor measuring instrument-Fall back-MFIB. The resulting measurements were analyzed by the appropriate statistical methods, which are congruent with the set objective and task ofthe study. The validity of the \"Fall back\" situational-motor test is determined by calculating the coefficient of correlation (r) between said composite test and a psychological test of courage. The very high coefficients of correlation that resulted in all three cases (total sample r = .846, sample of boys r = .873, a sample of girls r = .845) indicate a high validity level for the test, \"Fall back\", that is, the subject of measurement in the test, largely corresponds with the subject of measurement in the PSBC psychological test. The height of the correlation coefficient also justifies the use of the \"Fall back\" test as a composite test. A high validity of the \"Fall back\" measurement instrument (MFIB), which is indicated by the high Pearson coefficients of correlation between the \"Fall back\" measurement instruments and the psychological test of courage and boldness, was established for all three samples of respondents.

The aim of this study was to identify technical errors in artistic gymnastics, with comparative kinematic analysis of two gymnasts of different levels of success. The sample for comparative kinematic analysis consisted of ten attempts basket to handstand performed without technical errors by top gymnast and ten attempts performed with technical error by the middle-class gymnast. Kinematic analysis was performed with the help of 3-D video system for the APAS kinematic analysis, using a model with 17 points and 15 segments. Statistical significance of obtained mean differences between the two groups of attempts was determined using t-test for independent samples. Obtained results indicated that attempts performed flawlessly have significant greater speed of center of body gravity, point of hips and peak of feet; center of gravity of body is further away from the axis of rotation, and position of hang under is achieved with a greater angle in shoulder joint, and smaller in the hip joint; phase of front swing in hang under is realized with higher extension speed in hip joint and with expressed anti – flexion in the shoulder joint. All the above stated contributes to leave bars much later and again reach for with stretched arms, and thus there were no errors in the execution. Obtained information about the differences in performing between top gymnast and middle class gymnast have contributed to the identification of technical errors during execution and represents very important step in detection and elimination of them, generally in artistic gymnastic, not only for the specified element. Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti tehnične napake pri orodni telovadbi z uporabo kinematične analize dveh telovadcev različnih stopenj uspešnosti. Vzorec merjencev sta predstavljala dva merjenca (en vrhunski in en srednjega razreda), ki sta vsak izvedla deset točev iz stoje na rokah v stojo na rokah, ob tem jih je vrhunski telovadec izvedel brez napak, telovadec srednjega razreda pa z napakami. Narejena je bila 3D kinematična analiza vseh prvin s pomočjo APAS sistema, kjer smo spremljali 17 telesnih točk in 15 segmentov. Značilnost razlik smo preverjali s t-testom za neodvisne vzorce. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo, da imajo dobre izvedbe večjo hitrost težišča telesa, bokov, vrh stopal; prav tako je težišče telesa bolj oddaljeno od osi vrtenja, in v vesi vznosno je kot v ramenih večji ter kot v bokih manjši, ter ob prehodu iz vese v oporo je hitrost iztegovanja v bokih in ramenih večja. Vse omenjene spremenljivke vplivajo, da preide telovadec v brezoporni del kasneje in v ponovni prijem pride s stegnjenimi rokami, kar pomeni izvedbo brez napake. Pridobljeni rezultati o razlikah med dobrimi in slabimi izvedbami so navodilo vaditeljem, na kaj morajo biti pozorni pri prvini, prav tako pa je to tudi splošni napotek, kako naj se določijo tehnične napake.   Keywods: toč nazaj, bradlja, kinematične značilnosti.