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Recent pharmacy closures across the US has increased the number of communities characterized as \"pharmacy deserts.\" Residential segregation and structural economic disinvestment including the digital divide may exacerbate inequities related to pharmacy access. In this cross-sectional study, pharmacy deserts were defined at the census tract level and their distribution was analyzed relative to the digital divide index (DDI) and residential redlining using multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 3,105 (3.72%) census tracts were classified as pharmacy deserts comprising more than 10 million inhabitants (n = 10,215,249). Pharmacy deserts were more often Black (n = 398, 13% vs. n = 6142, 7.6%), Hispanic (n = 597, 19.0% vs. 7662, 9.5%), or American Indian and Alaska Native (n = 82,14.0% vs. n = 113, 0.1%) segregated communities (all p < 0.001). Census tracts with a high DDI (OR 6.94, 95%CI 5.82-8.32; p < 0.001; E-value = 4.70) had a higher likelihood of being a pharmacy desert versus low DDI areas. Furthermore, census tracts experiencing high residential redlining had a twofold increased risk of being pharmacy deserts (OR 2.18, 95%CI 1.90-2.50; p < 0.001; E-value = 2.31). Understanding how socioeconomic and infrastructure factors influence access to pharmacies is crucial to reduce health inequities. Efforts should be made to ensure equitable access to pharmacy services, especially for underserved populations in both rural and urban settings.

•The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a significant strain on the United States health care system.•Healthcare workers are rapidly altering their professional responsibilities to help meet hospital needs.•Surgeons have witnessed a dramatic change in their practices with rapidly decreasing elective surgery.•Surgical leaders should develop a framework to help make decisions around elective surgery as information is evolving.

Cancer treatment has been revolutionized by immunotherapy and nanomedicine, offering innovative strategies to overcome the tumor microenvironment (TME) complexities. However, challenges such as therapeutic resistance, off-target effects, and immune suppression necessitate advanced delivery systems and combination approaches. Recent advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies, biomimetic platforms, and personalized immunotherapy provide promising solutions to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review explores recent nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy developments, highlighting strategies to optimize drug delivery, remodel the TME, and improve patient-specific treatment outcomes. A comprehensive review of recent literature focused on nanoparticle-based drug delivery, stimuli-responsive systems, biomimetic nanoplatforms, and personalized immunotherapy approaches. The effectiveness of combination therapies integrating physical and immunological strategies was also analyzed. Nanoparticle-mediated immunotherapy enables precise targeting and controlled drug release, significantly improving therapeutic outcomes. Biomimetic nanoplatforms enhance immune modulation and drug bioavailability, while personalized immunotherapy, guided by predictive biomarkers, tailors treatment to individual patients. Advanced nanomedicine strategies, including TME remodeling, targeted genome editing, and combination immunotherapies, offer promising avenues for overcoming limitations in conventional cancer treatments. Future research should optimize nanoformulations, integrate multi-modal treatment strategies, and refine biomarker-driven personalization to enhance clinical outcomes.