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During red wine production, managing the pomace cap is key for a successful fermentation, allowing the extraction of phenolics and other metabolites and providing the necessary oxygen for yeast activity. In recent years, automatic cap management systems based on the injection of gases have gained popularity, despite the limited scientific information regarding the outcomes of their use. This trial aimed to evaluate the composition of wine during industrial red wine fermentations using an automatic sequential air injection system (i.e., AirMixing MITM). Fourteen lots of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were fermented using four air injection regimes, where the intensity and daily frequency of air injections were set to either low or high. As expected, the treatment combining high-intensity and high-frequency air injection produced the largest dissolved oxygen peaks reaching up to 1.9 mg L−1 per cycle, compared to 0.1 mg L−1 in the low-intensity and low-frequency treatment. Yet, in all cases, little to no accumulation of oxygen overtime was observed. Regarding phenolics, the highest intensity and frequency of air injections led to the fastest increase in total phenolics, anthocyanins, short polymeric pigments, and tannin concentration, although compositional differences among treatments equilibrate by the end of fermentation. The main differences in phenolic compounds observed during fermentation were mediated by temperature variation among wine tanks. Based on these findings, it is advisable to keep the characterizing kinetics of phenolic extraction and expand the study to the aroma evolution of wines fermented with this technology.

To compare the economic and dosimetric aspects of electronic brachytherapy (eBT) and high-dose-rate (HDR) iridium-192 ( Ir) brachytherapy for exclusive vaginal cuff treatment in post-operative endometrial cancer patients. This retrospective observational study was conducted among 115 patients treated with eBT and 70 patients treated with HDR Ir between 2019 and 2023 at two institutions. All patients underwent 3 fractions of 7 Gy prescribed to a uniform target volume. Dosimetric parameters, including D , V , and V for high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) as well as D , D , and D for organs at risk (OARs), such as bladder, rectum, and sigmoid colon, were compared. Economic analysis focused solely on cost differences related to source replacement and maintenance, as all other procedural factors (i.e., personnel, clinical workflow, and logistics) were identical for both modalities. The cost of bunker was not considered in the analysis. Dosimetric analysis revealed comparable target volume coverage between eBT and HDR Ir. The economic evaluation was focused on cost differences and their relative contributions. The relative average cost per patient under these assumptions was 18.4% lower for eBT (€273.9) than for HDR Ir, based on Spanish pricing, largely due to differences in source-related expenditures. While Ir HDR remains the standard in brachytherapy due to its versatility, eBT presents a cost-benefit alternative for exclusive vaginal cuff treatments, particularly in settings where infrastructure limitations restrict isotope-based brachytherapy. These findings support the complementary role of eBT in clinical practice, optimizing resource allocation without compromising dosimetric quality.

This paper presents a methodology for energy management in a smart microgrid based on the efficiency of dispatchable generation sources and storage systems, with three different aims: elimination of power peaks; optimisation of the operation and performance of the microgrid; and reduction of energy consumption from the distribution network. The methodology is based on four steps: identification of elements of the microgrid, monitoring of the elements, characterization of the efficiency of the elements, and finally, microgrid energy management. A specific use case is shown at CEDER-CIEMAT (Centro para el Desarrollo de las Energías Renovables—Centro de Investi-gaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), where consumption has been reduced during high tariff periods and power peaks have been eliminated, allowing an annual reduction of more than 25,000 kWh per year, which is equal to savings of more than 8500 €. It also allows the power contracted from the distribution company by CEDER (135 kW) not to be exceeded, which avoids penalties in the electricity bill.

 In recent years, there has been an increasing commitment to give batteries a second life, as they are being consumed for different uses and the recycling methods are not defined. This work aims to show how a storage system based on disused Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries has been recovered and integrated into the CE.D.E.R- CIEMAT smart microgrid over a period of ten years during which the operation of the system has been affected. During the recovery process, the cells have been classified according to their voltage, and a series of charge-discharge processes have been carried out on them at different voltages to determine their state of health and capacity. Once characterised, the system was assembled and commissioned with the appropriate cells. In addition, for the storage system, a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) has been developed in Home Assistant for its integration into the CE.D.E.R.'s microgrid management system. This allows the microgrid to be managed more efficiently, storing surplus energy from distributed generation sources and discharging the stored energy during peak consumption periods to reduce peaks, reduce discharges to the distribution grid and reduce the cost of electricity bills.

This paper shows an experimental application case to convert a part of the grid formed by renewable generation sources, storage systems, and loads into a smart microgrid. This transformation will achieve greater efficiency and autonomy in its management. If we add to this the analysis of all the data that has been recorded and the correct management of the energy produced and stored, we can achieve a reduction in the electricity consumption of the distribution grid and, with this, a reduction in the associated bill. To achieve this transformation in the grid, we must provide it with intelligence. To achieve this, a four steps procedure are proposed: identification and description of the elements, integration of the elements in the same data network, establishing communication between the elements and the control system, creating an interface that allows control of the entire network. The microgrid of CEDER-CIEMAT (Renewable Energy Centre in Soria, Spain) is presented as a real case study. This centre is made up of various sources of generation, storage, and consumption. All the elements that make up the microgrid are incorporated into free software, Home Assistant, allowing real-time control and monitoring of all of them thanks to the intelligence that has been provided to the grid. The novelty of this paper is that it describes a procedure that is not reported in the current literature and that, being developed with Home Assistant, is free and allows the control and management of a microgrid from any device (mobile, PC) and from any place, even though not on the same data network as the microgrid.

Microgrids are becoming increasingly important for improving the dependability, stability, and quality of the electrical system, as well as for integrating renewable technologies. This paper describes a novel monitoring and alarm system that has been developed to optimize the operation and maintenance of microgrids. The system is unique in that it has been developed using open source software, including Node-RED, Home Assistant, Maria DB, and Telegram, and it allows for easy programming of alarms or warnings. Testing of the system has taken place within the CEDER microgrid and is capable of detecting faults in various components of the microgrid, such as generation units, storage systems, and loads. Upon detecting a fault, the system immediately sends a text message to the mobile phones of the microgrid operator or maintenance crew, enabling them to promptly address the problem. The software can also manage preventive maintenance of the microgrid by sending periodic reminders to the maintenance crew regarding necessary tasks.

Background: Horizontal Canal Cupulolithiasis (hc-BPPV-cu) can mimic a pathology of central origin, so a careful examination is essential to prevent misdiagnosis. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study of 45 patients suffering from suspected hc-BPPV-cu. We recorded whether patients first presented through an ENT Emergency Department (ED) or through an Outpatient Otolaryngology Clinic (OC). Results: We found statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the OC versus the ED in relation to the time between symptom onset and first assessment (79.7 vs. 3.6 days, respectively), the number of therapeutic maneuvers (one maneuver in 62.5% vs. 75.9%, and more than one in 25.1% vs. 13.7%), and multi-canal BPPV rate (43.8% vs. 3.4%). hc-BPPV-cu did not resolve in 2 patients (12.5%) from the OC and in 3 (10.3%) from de ED, all of which showed central pathology. Discussion: There are no prior studies that analyze the approach to hc-BPPV-cu in the ED. The benefits of early specialist input are early identification of central positional nystagmus, a decrease in symptom duration, reduced number of therapeutic maneuvers required for symptom resolution, and lower rates of iatrogenic multi-canal BPPV. Conclusion: A comprehensive approach to hc-BPPV-cu in the ED allows both more effective treatment and early identification of central disorder mimics.

The use of wind resources has always gone hand in hand with high wind speeds in open fields. This paper develops the decisions to be taken for the selection, installation, and connection of small wind turbines in peri-urban environments, where wind speeds are medium or low. The guidelines are detailed throughout the document, starting with the study of the wind resource, the selection of the turbine, installation, and real-time monitoring of production for integration into a micro power grid. The installation of small wind systems in places as close as possible to the point of demand makes it possible to achieve a reduction in the cost of the electricity bill. This is thanks to the instantaneous control of generation and demand at a particular level through the installation of software, in this case, Home Assistant. The novelty of this paper is the use of this software Home Assistant to integrate of a small wind turbine in a microgrid and its control system.

Glassfrogs (family: Centrolenidae) represent a fantastic radiation (~150 described species) of Neotropical anurans that originated in South America and dispersed into Central America. In this study, we review the systematics of Ecuadorian glassfrogs, providing species accounts of all 60 species, including three new species described herein. For all Ecuadorian species, we provide new information on the evolution, morphology, biology, conservation, and distribution. We present a new molecular phylogeny for Centrolenidae and address cryptic diversity within the family. We employ a candidate species system and designate 24 putative new species that require further study to determine their species status. We find that, in some cases, currently recognized species lack justification; specifically, we place Centrolene gemmata and Centrolene scirtetes under the synonymy of Centrolene lynchi; C. guanacarum and C. bacata under the synonymy of Centrolene sanchezi; Cochranella phryxa under the synonymy of Cochranella resplendens; and Hyalinobatrachium ruedai under the synonymy of Hyalinobatrachium munozorum. We also find that diversification patterns are mostly congruent with allopatric speciation, facilitated by barriers to gene flow (e.g., valleys, mountains, linearity of the Andes), and that niche conservatism is a dominant feature in the family. Conservation threats are diverse, but habitat destruction and climate change are of particular concern. The most imperiled glassfrogs in Ecuador are Centrolene buckleyi, C. charapita, C. geckoidea, C. medemi, C. pipilata, Cochranella mache, Nymphargus balionotus, N. manduriacu, N. megacheirus, and N. sucre, all of which are considered Critically Endangered. Lastly, we identify priority areas for glassfrog conservation in Ecuador.

Molecular hydrogen, H2, is one of the most abundant trace gases in the atmosphere. The main known chemical source of H2 in the atmosphere is the photolysis of formaldehyde and glyoxal. Recent laboratory measurements and ground-state photochemistry calculations have shown other aldehydes photodissociate to yield H2 as well. This aldehyde photochemistry has not been previously accounted for in atmospheric H2 models. Here, we used two atmospheric models to test the implications of the previously unexplored aldehyde photochemistry on the H2 tropospheric budget. We used the AtChem box model implementing the nearly chemically explicit Master Chemical Mechanism at three sites selected to represent variable atmospheric environments: London, Cabo Verde and Borneo. We conducted five box model simulations per site using varying quantum yields for the photolysis of 16 aldehydes and compared the results against a baseline. The box model simulations showed that the photolysis of acetaldehyde, propanal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde and methacrolein yields the highest chemical production of H2. We also used the GEOS-Chem 3-D atmospheric chemical transport model to test the impacts of the new photolytic H2 source on the global scale. A new H2 simulation capability was developed in GEOS-Chem and evaluated for 2015 and 2016. We then performed a sensitivity simulation in which the photolysis reactions of six aldehyde species were modified to include a 1 % yield of H2. We found an increase in the chemical production of H2 over tropical regions where high abundance of isoprene results in the secondary generation of methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde and methacrolein, ultimately yielding H2. We calculated a final increase of 0.4 Tg yr−1 in the global chemical production budget, compared to a baseline production of ∼41 Tg yr−1. Ultimately, both models showed that H2 production from the newly discovered photolysis of aldehydes leads to only minor changes in the atmospheric mixing ratios of H2, at least for the aldehydes tested here when assuming a 1 % quantum yield across all wavelengths. Our results imply that the previously missing photochemical source is a less significant source of model uncertainty than other components of the H2 budget, including emissions and soil uptake.